Chromatography

Gas liquid chromatography separates components of a mixture based on differences in their interaction with a stationary phase and a mobile gas phase. The sample is vaporized and carried through a column by an inert gas, where it interacts with the stationary phase. Components with stronger interactions take longer to travel through the column, causing them to separate and be detected at different times.

A glass calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat transfer associated with a chemical reaction or physical process, typically involving a liquid. It consists of a sealed glass container that minimizes heat exchange with the environment, ensuring accurate measurements. Inside, a thermometer or temperature sensor monitors temperature changes, allowing for the calculation of heat absorbed or released. Glass calorimeters are commonly used in laboratories for experiments involving calorimetry.

Chromatography separates substances based on their differing abilities to dissolve in a mobile phase (usually a liquid or gas) and adhere to a stationary phase (such as special paper). As the mixture is carried along by the mobile phase, components with stronger affinity for the stationary phase will move slower, leading to separation based on their solubility and adsorption properties.

Run the mixture on the TLC plate. Find the different colored pigments. Scrape each spot and elute the pigments.

Red ink travels further than yellow ink in chromatography because red ink has a lower affinity for the stationary phase (paper) and a higher affinity for the mobile phase (solvent). This causes the red ink molecules to move more easily and quickly through the paper. Yellow ink, on the other hand, has a stronger attraction to the stationary phase, resulting in slower movement and shorter distance traveled.

Chromatographic techniques are methods of chemical analysys.

Ethanol would work because it is alcohol-induced, therefore, it is stronger than water.

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Concentrated MSA is 1.481 g/mole

MW = 98.11 g/mole

4.5 mL of concentrated MSA to total volume 2 L gives ~ 35 mM

4.5 mL Conc MSA x 1.481 g/mL / 96.11 g/mole x 1000 mM/mole / 2L = 35 mM

The outer surface of the column becomes warm during column purification because of the heat generated by the exothermic adsorption reaction occurring on the silica gel surface. As the compounds travel down the column, they interact with the silica gel, which can lead to heat being released causing the column surface to warm up. This is a common phenomenon in large-scale column chromatography.

The more monomers that are strung together, the slower they will move through the resin. This is a oversimplification as branches in the polymer can occur and they affect the migration as well.

No, they are different techniques.

hot water extraction , aqueous extraction, solvent extraction

LC-MS is the abbreviation for Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. It is a method for doing analysis.

Saturating the chromatography chamber helps ensure that the stationary phase is fully equilibrated with the mobile phase, promoting consistent and reliable separation of compounds. It also helps prevent any air bubbles from forming in the column, which could disrupt the flow of the mobile phase and affect the separation process.

mixture of enantiomers can be separated by HPLC

Supercritical fluid chromatography is very similar to high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), however the mobile phase exists in a supercritical state. To refresh your memory, recall that super critical fluids exist at temperatures and pressures higher than a substances critical point. This means that the fluid acts as both a gas and a liquid. For example, a supercritical fluid may pass through substances like a gas, but also dissolve substances like a liquid.

Why do supercritical fluids exist? Well, the temperature is high enough that the molecules cannot exist together as a fluid because they have too much energy to stick together. However, the pressure is too high for the molecules to have a root mean square distance sufficient enough to exist as a gas.

SFC exploits this property, using a supercritical fluid to dissolve the chemical in question into the fluid, but move it quickly in the gas phase. Heavy molecules travel slower, while light molecules travel faster, thus causing separation. In addition, chiral molecules can be separated via this method.

Nitrogen is usually used.

Sodium hydrogen sulphite: Sodium bisulfite, not sodium "meta" bisulfite

Historians use chromatography to trace evidence and find out more about events in the past that might have occurred. For example if there was a letter written by a famous monarch or leader of which a historian would want to know more about, they would check the ink of the pen which answers to them of what pen they used, who had written it and how old the pen was when they used it and this answer can simply be found just by the method of chromatography which separates soluble substances from insoluble subtances.

Graham Howarth is correct. You can add carrier gas type, injection port temperature, gc column type (packed or capillary) and phase (too many to count),and a host of others. Without knowing the column phase I can't even suggest an elution order.