Computer Networking

Any device which contains data not approved for public release and is portable is subject to the DoD "Data at Rest" policy. The stored data must be encrypted on:

Laptop computers

Notebooks

Cell phones

BlackBerrys, Treos, Palm Pilots, smart phones and other functionally similar devices

PDAs

External hard drives

CDs

DVDs

Floppy Disks (yeah - some people still use them)

Thumb drives

Flash cards

Any other removable media

For more details, Google the phrase "DoD data at rest" and check out some of the links to find the memo that details the requirements. I'd post the address of some good sites, but that would get this post flagged.

- A subnet (short for "subnetwork") is an identifiably separate part of an organization's network. Typically, a subnet may represent all the machines at one geographic location, in one building, or on the same local area network (LAN). Having an organization's network divided into subnets allows it to be connected to the Internet with a single shared network address. Without subnets, an organization could get multiple connections to the Internet, one for each of its physically separate subnetworks, but this would require an unnecessary use of the limited number of network numbers the Internet has to assign. It would also require that Internet routing tables on gateways outside the organization would need to know about and have to manage routing that could and should be handled within an organization. The Internet is a collection of networks whose users communicate with each other. Each communication carries the address of the source and destination networks and the particular machine within the network associated with the user or host computer at each end. This address is called the IP address (Internet Protocol address). This 32-bit IP address has two parts: one part identifies the network (with the network number) and the other part identifies the specific machine or host within the network (with the host number). An organization can use some of the bits in the machine or host part of the address to identify a specific subnet. Effectively, the IP address then contains three parts: the network number, the subnet number, and the machine number. The standard procedure for creating and identifying subnets is provided in Internet Request for Comments 950. The 32-bit IP address is often depicted as a dot address (also called dotted quad notation) - that is, four groups (or quads) of decimal numbers separated by periods. Here's an example: 130.5.5.25 Each of the decimal numbers represents a string of eight binary digits. Thus, the above IP address really is this string of 0s and 1s: 10000010.00000101.00000101.00011001 As you can see, we inserted periods between each eight-digit sequence just as we did for the decimal version of the IP address. Obviously, the decimal version of the IP address is easier to read and that's the form most commonly used. Some portion of the IP address represents the network number or address and some portion represents the local machine address (also known as the host number or address). IP addresses can be one of several classes, each determining how many bits represent the network number and how many represent the host number. The most common class used by large organizations (Class B) allows 16 bits for the network number and 16 for the host number. Using the above example, here's how the IP address is divided: <--Network address--><--Host address--> 130.5 . 5.25 If you wanted to add subnetting to this address, then some portion (in this example, eight bits) of the host address could be used for a subnet address. Thus: <--Network address--><--Subnet address--><--Host address--> 130.5 . 5 . 25 To simplify this explanation, we've divided the subnet into a neat eight bits but an organization could choose some other scheme using only part of the third quad or even part of the fourth quad. Once a packet has arrived at an organization's gateway or connection point with its unique network number, it can be routed within the organization's internal gateways using the subnet number. The router knows which bits to look at (and which not to look at) by looking at a subnet mask, which is a screen of numbers that tells you which numbers to look at underneath. In a binary mask, a "1" over a number says "Look at the number underneath"; a "0" says "Don't look." Using a mask saves the router having to handle the entire 32 bit address; it can simply look at the bits selected by the mask.

It's always been cheap technology, for a start. Many years ago IBM's Token Ring cards were 10 times the cost of an equivalent Ethernet card. So companies started to use the cheaper technology as it achieved exactly the same end result as the more expensive technlogy, and it became the standard. A bit like how VHS swamped Betamax.

Then once a standard develops and the vast majority of people use it, economies of scale means that it becomes cheaper and cheaper to make the kit, and you can sell it for less and less, making it even more attractive to buyers. And as it makes more sense for manufacturers to back the popular product, most development efforts go in to improving that product. That means that competing architectures got left behind and eventually died out except for very specialised applications.

If your printer is on your network and is set to get its ip by DHCP, your router's utility program ought to display the address. For instance, you would go to your router's ip (usually something like 192.168.0.1) and log into the router with the admin password and dig around for the list of devices that are connected.

In Windows you could also open the printer's control panel and find its network name. If you know its network name you open a command prompt and ping the name. In this example, you can see that the printer's name is "kodakaio":

C:\Users\JSB>ping kodakaio

Pinging kodakaio [192.168.0.103] with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.0.103: bytes=32 time=3ms TTL=60

Reply from 192.168.0.103: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=60

Reply from 192.168.0.103: bytes=32 time=3ms TTL=60

Reply from 192.168.0.103: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=60

Ping statistics for 192.168.0.103:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),

Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:

Minimum = 2ms, Maximum = 3ms, Average = 2ms

OSP may stand for a number of things depending on the context. Some of the common ones include Office of Sponsored Programs and Open Source Program among others.

The subnet mask is used for this purpose. It indicates how much of the address is for network, and the remaining part is for the hosts.

It is
an address that helps to identify a node on network and in a unique manner.it helps computers over an internet or network to communicate with each other.helps to transfer data from one node to another by the help of encapsulation

Routers operate in layer 3 because they must use the logical network address to determine which network to route the packet to. Logical addressing is a feature of layer 3, therefore a router is a layer 3 device.

Satellite

TELNET operates at Application Layer in TCP/IP Model. It's an Application to establish a connection to TCP Port Number 23, where a Telnet server application (telnetd) is listening.

A physical domain is that which use the physical hardware resources of system such as, RAM, HDD, etc. Where as virtual server share the resources of physical domain.

Sheraz Elahi

Although some would suggest that a switch could segment a network (and it does use the MAC address for switching) more properly a bridge would be the answer if you are speaking of segmenting a network.

The port of a computer is an interface between the computer and other computers or devices. The function of ports is to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers or other device through a specialized outlet.

social networking technologies. pros: increased ability to network and communicate with a broad audience. cons: many including increased drama, unwanted disclosure of information, stalking by criminals and thieves, exposure to malicious software, publicized contact information, etc.

computer networking technologies. pros: continued increase in the ability to send large amounts of data over long distances. cons: reliance on core network infrastructure prone to attack or failure

Category 5 or 6 cable.

transport

because it is relatively inexpensive and easy to install...

POP3 is one of two e-mail inbox protocols (POP3: Post Office Protocol version 3; IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol). SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used in conjunction with either POP3 or IMAP to allow users to send e-mail addresses as well as receive them. Most web-based e-mail services does this transparently behind their networks and present a fancy UI for users to access their e-mail inboxes. However, you can opt to enable IMAP/POP3 + SMTP if you wish to not have to open up a Web browser every time you want to look at your e-mails, and use a dedicated e-mail program instead (i.e. Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird)

Most servers have what's called a RAID-5 array. Some examples of servers are network servers which allow many computers to use the same network, game servers which are used by game companies and allow thousands of people to play their game at the same time, and telecom servers which control your phone service and possibly your cable service.

The minimum needed to make the mesh. "Mesh" could refer to several types of groups of computers. There is grid computing, where a large number of small computers all work in parallel. Modern supercomputers, like those used by physicists and weather forecasters (seriously), use grids. Another is distributed computing. Nearly identical in description, the difference is in parlance. Grid may refer to large numbers of computers at one company under control of a dedicated group, where distributed computers usually means dispersed computers. An example might be many computer systems at top research universities working on the same problem. Another is cloud computing. Clouds are groups of computers not necessarily working together on something. The Internet is one example. Seti@Home is famous for harnessing the individual power of millions of (simple, low-power) computers throughout the Internet cloud to create an ultrapowerful distributed grid. You no longer need to create your own supergrid software. You can hire a company like grid.org to solve your problem. For example, analyzing chemicals to see if they'd have any effect on cancerous cells.

They're usually connected by exclusive hi-speed phone lines. The phone lines do not connect to any phone network - just to each of the other computers. This makes the WAN a secure network for transferring data between sites.