Computer Networking

A hub (or L2 switch) performs data bridging/switching/forwarding at the OSI Layer 2 level for data destined to another address on the same subnet.

For data to be forwarded to another subnet, that data must be routed at the OSI Layer 3 level which is performed by a Router (or L3 Switch).

Routers collect various information about other networks it can forward traffic to and from, what routing protocols are used and which path(s) to forward that data to.

An "Ethernet" cable. These are different size from normal telephone cables/connectors. They are usually yellow or green in color. You are also going to need a modem or modem/router to receive the internet feed from either a cable company, telephone wire, or DSL.

First Check your windows firewall setting and check out and make sure you are allowing the ports of the program you need ports open.

most isp's only block certain ports for quratine or bandwidth hogging programs. Blocking Ports is a natural defence against hackers and other potential threats, because they restrict the connection comming into your computer. modems generally don't have such security, therefore it's important that you know the difference between the modem and the router.

Routers are meant to...route the given connection to other computers, The modem is used to dial in or connect to the ISP for the connection and the initial IP. Most linksys routers have the default 192.168.1.1 as it's setupIP and username nothing and password admin. As for other routers you can find it at the product page or support sites. Also, portforward.com has software and guides to help you find your router.

If you are 100% sure you do not have a router, it means that your ISP has one that shares the internet , you can find the router but you can't log in because you don't know the router user name and password...

Network equipment can be found in various stores depending on the amount and type of system you need. These include Best Buy, Radio Shack, Office Max or online at eBay and Amazon to name a few. The individual manufactures generally have licensed distributors listed on their websites as well.

the future of networking depends on need of networking in future the technology goes higher and introduce ipv8,10 so on............................

A printer is any device that applies lettering, markings, or text to a paper form or package.

A computer printer is the peripheral device that produces hard-copy (paper) versions of text, images, or diagrams.

A printer can also be a person engaged in the retail printing or copying of documents, forms, or other written materials.

During the early years of our modern computer era, very few standards and protocols existed between various manufacturers. However, as time went on and computer technology continued to improve and become more widespread, it became apparent that standards would be necessary to ensure compatibility. This was especially true with regard to networks, and networking technology. Since the main purpose of a network is to share information, a standard that governs how this information is formatted, transmitted, received and verified would make it possible for information to be shared openly, even when dealing with dissimilar networks. This need for a standard means of implementing open communications led the ISO and ANSI to develop the seven-layer network communications model known as Open Systems Interconnect. By providing guidelines regarding the way network equipment should be manufactured and how network operating systems communicate on a network, the OSI model became the common link that allows data to be transmitted and exchanged reliably. Although it does not actually perform any functions or do any of the actual work, the OSI model defines the way things should be done by the software and hardware on a network so that communications can take place between two computers or nodes. In this way, the OSI model provides a universal set of rules that make it possible for various manufacturers and developers to create software and hardware that is compatible with each other. This makes for organized communications. As I thought about this, I related it to the freeways that connect the various states of the mainland U.S. Because all of these freeways were constructed with the same set of standards regarding the width of each lane, the proper side that a person should drive on, the speed at which they should travel, and so on, people can comfortably drive across the country in an organized and efficient manner and car manufacturers are able to design cars within these guidelines as well. On the other hand, if each state had devised its own set of rules, each differing from the other, not only would there be a lot more chaos on the roads, but also car manufacturers would have a hard time designing vehicles that would be compatible with each state's roads. To me, this illustrates the importance of the OSI model with respect to network communications. Not only is it the foundation for all network communications today, but also because it is such a fundamental part of these communications, it becomes very apparent to me that it is very important for a network technician to understand the OSI model in full detail. The OSI model is made up of the following layers: the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Together, these seven layers are collectively referred to as a stack. As a node receives data, each layer starting with the physical layer extracts the various portions of the packet and this process works its way up to the application layer. When data is sent, it begins at the application layer and travels down to the physical layer. The information is pushed to the next layer of the stack by means of commands called primitives. Each layer uses a peer protocol to encode the information, which ensures that the same layer on the receiving node will be able to understand the information.

A modem is the device that allows you to connect to the Internet. A router uses wires to connects from the modem to other computers to share the Internet connection. A wireless router uses wires to connect to the modem but connects to the other computers through a wireless connection. A modem with a built in wireless router only uses wires to connect it to the internet source meaning you can place it any where in the house that has access to an Internet source.

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network,It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines.

Continuously varying data is analog data; by contrast, all digital data is discrete (there are steps between one value and the nearest next possible value).

Devices operating on analog data, in context with computers, are primarily analog-to-digital converters (ADC). These take an analog input, sample this value periodically, and produce the nearest corresponding digital value for further (digital) processing. The analog input can describe a lot of different aspects: the fan speed, a temperature, an electric voltage read from a microphone or other audio input, etc.

The reverse process is called digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), which converts a digital value into a corresponding analog value (typically as an electric voltage or current), which is then generally transformed into another form, such as an audio output to drive a pair of speakers.

It is important to note that DAC itself does not operate continuously varying data, since the analog data generated follows the same discrete steps as the digital input data does. However, subject to the physics of the following conversion (e.g. a loudspeaker), the resulting physical signal might well be truly analog again (e.g. the variation in air pressure caused by the speaker).

First, u need to get a cord that fits Your TV an your laptop. I used an HDMI cable. if you turn on ur laptop and put it to the right input (VGA) it may say no signal. All you have to do is select safe mode with networking on the laptop. The only bap problem about this is if you wanna listen to music yyou cant. Im currently trying to find that out.

Technically depends on the protocol

Assuming it's a tcp/ip, computer refers by ip number and url.

In design phase computers in a network often refer to as :

client

node

workstation

Yes probably.

However, there's probably some more logical ways of connecting your desktop to your printer.

1. Does your printer have an ethernet port? If so, use this to connect to your switch or desktop NIC directly.

2. Does your desktop have a wireless card? Use this and connect to your printer.

3. If not 1 or 2, setup a wireless access point or get a wireless router with some ethernet ports. You'll easily be able to connect all your devices this way.

1.physical layer

2.data link

3.network

4.transport

5.session

6.presentation

7.application

LAN Advantages:

-Workstations can share peripheral devices like printers. This is cheaper than buying a printer for every workstations.

- Workstations do not necessarily need their own hard disk or CD-ROM drives, which makes them cheaper to buy than stand-alone PCs.

- User can save their work centrally on the network's file server. This means that they can retrieve their work from any workstation on the network.

- Users can communicate with each other and transfer data between workstations very easily.

- One copy of each application package such as a word processor, spreadsheet etc. can be loaded onto the file and shared by all users.

-Cost. Individually licensed copies of many popular software programs can be costly. Networkable versions are available at considerable savings.

-Shared programs on a network allows for easier upgrading of the program on one single file server, instead of upgrading individual workstations.

-Speed. Sharing and transferring files within Networks are very rapid. Thus saving time, while maintaining the integrity of the file.

LAN Disadvantages:

- Networks are difficult to set up and need to be maintained by skilled technicians.

- If server develops a fault, users may not be able to run the application programs.

- A fault in the network can cause user to lose the data.

-If the network stops operating then it may not be possible to access various computers.

- It is difficult to make the system secure from hackers, novices or industrial espionage.

- Decisions on resource planning tend to become centralized.

- Networks that have grown with little thought can be inefficient in the long term.

-As traffic increases on a network the performance degrades unless it is designed properly.

- The larger the network, the more difficult it is to manage.

depends on the subnet mask ie/ 255.255.255.252 which would mean 175.124.35.0,4,8,12,16etc etc are networks and 175.124.35.1 & .2 are hosts. .3 is the broadcast address for that subnet.

If the sending device does not receive an acknowledgement for a packet, the packet will be retransmitted.

The main differences between the two models are as follows:

1.OSI is a reference model and TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.2.TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards around which the internethas developed.The OSI model however is a "generic, protocol-independent standard."3.TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into itsapplication layer.4.TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into the networkaccess layer.5.TCP/IP appears to be a simpler model and this is mainly due to the fact thatit has fewer layers.6.TCP/IP is considered to be a more credible model- This is mainly due to the

fact because TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the internet

was developed therefore it mainly gains creditability due to this

reason. Where as in contrast networks are not usually built around the OSI

model as it is merely used as a guidance tool.

7.The OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers whereas the TCP/IP onlyhas 4 layers.

8.The TCP/IP design generally favors decisions based on simplicity,

efficiency and ease of implementation

Here are some simple steps involved in free web hosting services:

1. Buy a domain name

2. Arrange hosting for site

3. Build a site on your PC, upload it to the server -OR- install website software on the server

Nevertheless, for viable services use affordable and cheap web hosting services like PowerUp hosting. Because It's really awesome.

Basically the difference is how it's intended to be used. For instance, a client OS is optimized to give higher priority to client programs such as games, word processors, internet browsers, etc where a server would be optimized to run processes that the client systems would connect to and get information from such as email server programs, web server programs, databases, etc.

However, there are a lot of similarities between the two and it is possible for a client OS to act as a server for some functions and vice versa.

Microsoft has published a paper comparing the various features and outlining the differences between Windows XP SP3, Vista SP1 and Windows 7. The PDF file can be downloaded from Microsoft's website at the link below:
There are far too many improvements in 7 over XP, I suggest reading Microsoft's Website or just watching a demo video; you'll probably find more than what you're looking for. Wikipedia will also probably help.

Nowadays virtually any wireless router. When you get a router you usually have about 4 lan ports (switch) and wireless router in the same box.

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network.

Examples of metropolitan area networks of various sizes can be found in the metropolitan areas of London, England; Lodz, Poland; and Geneva, Switzerland. Large universities also sometimes use the term to describe their networks. A recent trend is the installation of wireless MANs.