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Computer Networking
Computer networks are collections of computers which are connected together in order to communicate and transfer information. Questions about computer networks, networking protocols, and how to set them up belong here.
18,810 Questions
Where data packets are transmitted through different layers of the OSI model?
The OSI Model was created based on recommendations from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1980, which started expanding on the DoD model in the late 1970s. The current standard was published in 1996. The official title for the model is the ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model since it describes or relates to connecting systems that are open for communication with other systems. In the model, the functions of the communication system are standardized by categorizing them into abstract layers. The functions which are similar are grouped into the same layer and provide services to the layers above their
What Does the OSI Model Do?The OSI model depicts how data communications should take place. It splits the functions or processes into seven groups that are described as layers. When protocols or other standards are developed by other organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) formerly known as the CCITT (Comite Consultatif Internationale de Telegraphique et Telephone), they are placed into a layer of the model to help with communication protocol integration and conceptual understanding. The majority of major network and computer vendors, large commercial entities, and governments support the use of the OSI model. Each of the layers of the OSI model is intended to function with those above and below it respectfully within the model definition.The OSI model defines standards for:
- The way in which devices communicate between each other.
- The means used to inform devices when to send data and when not to transmit data.
- The methods which ensure that devices have a correct data flow rate
- The means used to ensure that data is passed to, and received by the intended recipient.
- The manner in which physical transmission media is arranged and connected.
The seven layers of the OSI model are:
- Application Layer - layer 7
- Presentation Layer - layer 6
- Session Layer - layer 5
- Transport Layer - layer 4
- Network Layer - layer 3
- Data-Link Layer - layer 2
- Physical Layer - layer 1
A common mnemonic used to remember the OSI model layers starting with the seventh layer (Application) is: "All People Seem to Need Data Processing." The lower two layers of the model are normally implemented through software and hardware solutions, while the upper five layers are typically implemented through the use of software only.
Each layer of the OSI model has its own unique functions. The process of sending data is typically started at the Application layer, is sent through the stack to the Physical layer, and then over the network to the recipient. Data is received at the Physical layer, and the data packet is then passed up the stack to the Application layer.
Different protocols operate at the different layers of the OSI model. Each layer of the OSI model has its own protocols. TCP and IP are collectively called the protocol stack or the network/transport protocols. This is due to the protocols operating at the Network and Transport layers to make it possible for computers to communicate. A protocol stack, r stack, is a group of protocols which are arranged in layers to enable communication. In the protocol stack, each layer provides services to the layer above it; and each layer also receives services from the layer beneath it. For two computers to partake in communications, each computer has to be running the same protocol stack. They can however have different operating systems.
The published "advantages" of the OSI Model are: enhanced learning/teaching, reduced intricacy, modular engineering, interoperable technology, accelerated advancement, and standard interface definitions. Unfortunately; however, the OSI Model has not been found to map well to real world networking implementations or issues as the technical world has evolved. It is the most recognized model; however, and is still often used to describe networking protocols, gear, prob
The command to flush the DNS cache kept on the computer is?
In a Windows OS, the command "ipconfig /flushdns" is used to flush the DNS cache. A restart of the computer will also work.
The client's BIOS doesn't support network card boots, the client does not have a PXE-enabled network adapter card.
What are the operation principles of the mobile IP protocol?
Mobile IP is a standard communications protocol designed to allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while maintaining a permanant IP address.
Can an Ethernet hub be used to hook up multiple Ethernet devices at one time?
An Ethernet Hub allows the user to hook up to four ports at one time. The Hub will allow you to connect multiple devices and allow them to act as one.
Yes, Its My opinion.
How you can give order to computer don't open this web side?
You have to use dedicated firewall for such purposes.
What three protocols operate at the application layer of the OSI model?
There are many more than three protocols which can operate at the application layer. Some of these are;
Telnet
FTP
TFTP
SMTP
IMAP
POP
DNS
RARP
BOOTP
SNMP
CMOT
Does the lan card driver for windows xp suit vista also?
Not always. While it may work, depending on the quality of the driver, it is far better to obtain a Vista-specific driver. Vista introduced a new TCP/IP stack and NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification), so the old driver may not perform as well.
A network uses a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0?
That could be a default subnet mask for a class C network.
A mask used to determine what subnet an IP address belongs to. An IP address has two components, the network address and the host address. For example, consider the IP address 150.215.017.009. Assuming this is part of a Class B network, the first two numbers (150.215) represent the Class B network address, and the second two numbers (017.009) identify a particular host on this network.
Subnetting enables the network administrator to further divide the host part of the address into two or more subnets. In this case, a part of the host address is reserved to identify the particular subnet.
Who is the best institute for hardware and networking in Hyderabad?
One of the best institutes in Banglore have opened a Franchise in Hyderabad ie Ideaon THINK in Kukatpally, Vivekananda nagar colony. They offer very good courses like A+, N+, MCSA, MCSE, CCNA, CCNP, RHCT, RHCE ......IT-IMS
What is a description of the 3-way handshake?
The following steps explain how the 3-way handshake works. A host or client asks a server if it is open for a connection by sending a SYN data packet over the IP. If there is an open port for a new connection, the server sends an ACK packet to acknowledge the request. On receiving the ACK packet, the client sends back an ACK packet to establish the connection.
A bit added to the 7 bit magnitude PCM in the T1 carrier system for D-type channel banks to perform interoffice signaling, such as on hook, off hook, dial pulsing, etc. -Advanced Electronic Communications Systems by Wayne Tomasi.
No it would not, it could actually slow the speed down of the second computer. It could depend on the speed coming in to the house, and the quality of the router you are using, but it will most likely slow down by a few MbPS.
AnswerI disagree with the first answer. I think that sending the second computer to the cable modem via a router and ethernet cable should improve its speed. Now if that improved performance and convenience mean that both computers are online at the same time more frequently, then that might affect the performance of both. But when used one at a time, I would expect to see no difference for the first, and an improvement for the second.Which network transmits data without wiring or cabling?
A network that can transmit data wirelessly is called WiFi. WiFi uses radio waves to transmit data between computers and across networks. There are various different WiFi types, namely A, G, and N.
port number
Will turtle beach headphones mess up your wireless network?
answering my own question here. i purchased a pair of X31 turtle beach headphones. i had heard rumors about interference they put out with wireless networks. they in fact do not and if any interference was detected i asked a Gamestop employee and they told me that the only thing i would have to do with interference is follow the step-by-step instructions in the box or simply change frequencies.
In data communications the sending device is generally a computer?
It is true that in data communications the sending device is usually a computer. The main components are transmitter, receiver & antenna and every communication device must have all these three components
Virusesviroidsprions in the 3 domain system?
They are not part of any of the 3 domains. They are not even complete living beings. They merely share some characteristics of living beings.
They are not part of any of the 3 domains. They are not even complete living beings. They merely share some characteristics of living beings.
They are not part of any of the 3 domains. They are not even complete living beings. They merely share some characteristics of living beings.
They are not part of any of the 3 domains. They are not even complete living beings. They merely share some characteristics of living beings.
How do you minimize electrical interference on your computer cables?
Keep the cables away from any substance that might generate EMI interference. Also, you can use a shielded cable instead of an unshielded one to reduce interference.
I was learning about this when I was doing E-commerce at college today:
A Data Controller is a person who handles sensitive data such as: phone numbers, names, date of birth's etc. And has to abide by the Data Protection act, anyone who does not follow the Data protection act and is caught exposing information indecently could be fined or sent to prison.
Hope this helps,
- Matthew
If 4 hosts are connected to a hub how many IP addresses are required for these 5 devices?
4 IP addresses. The hub does not require an IP address but the 4 devices connected to the hub do.
What is the difference between ADSL and HDSL?
Speed is the difference between HDSL and ADSL. HDSL has high upload and download speeds whereas ADSL has a slow upload speed coupled with a high download speed.
