Electronics Engineering

Exclusive OR gate has a variety of applications.

Even parity generator.

comparator.

encoder etc.

For any lamp to operate at its rated power, it must be subject to its rated voltage. If you connect, say, three identical 120-V rated lamps across a 120-V supply, then each lamp will be subject to one-third of its rated voltage. As a result each lamp will not be able to achieve its rated power. If the lamps have different power ratings, then it is rather more complicated, with the most powerful lamp becoming the dimmest while the least powerful lamp becoming the brightest.

J.J. Thomson used cathode ray tubes to prove the existence of electrons.

a diode has two junctions one is doped with p-type and another is doped with n-type.a diode connected in reverse bias means that the n-channel is connected to the positive end of the battery and p-channel is attached to the negative end of the battery

if we start increasing the reverse voltage the width of depletion region increases and the exchange of charge carriers (holes and electrons) is inhibited so we expect zero current in the circuit but on experimental observations we had confirmed that a small current (micro-amp) is observed due to the minority charge carriers(electrons in p-channel and holes in n-channel) present in the diode , for these minority charge carriers the applied voltage appers as as forward bias to them so they conduct .

but on further increasing the reverse voltage we note a large change in the reverse current this is due to junction breakdown (the depletion region is broken , so there is no demarcation between p-channel and n-channel in the diode). the voltage at which this phenomena occurs is called 'break-down voltage'

A nonlinear component is one in which the current is not proportional to the voltage, in other words it does not follow Ohm's law.

The commonest nonlinear component is a diode.

A nonlinear circuit is one with a nonlinear component in it.

Even though it is connected to a 9 volt source, it is still a resistor.

A thyristor is a rectifier semiconductor between two electrodes that permit unidirectional flow in anodes and cathodes.The flow of the current can be switched by a gate electrode that controls main driven electrical devices.To check a thyristor the current flow (between emitter/collector terminals) is checked.Then a small base current is applied to see if the thyristor functions as a switch.

When you listen to the radio, you are hearing sound, which has no resemblance

to light, radio waves, or x-rays. However, the sounds you hear are created in

the radio receiver, using information that was carried to your location by means

of radio waves.

We can use it as a rectifier and switch

core companies for communication engineering

You can find the resistance of a resistor by applying a known voltage across it and then measuring the current through it. By Ohm's law, resistance is voltage divided by current. You need to be careful to not pass too much current through the resistor, because any significant power will cause heat which will bias the results.

Resistors are also color coded with resistance and tolerance bands. Color charts are available on the internet. They can also be measured with a VOM.

A stepper motor has a transfer function. The exact function is determined by a motor's individual characteristics. The speed at which it is capable of repeating a position is based on its geometric configuration and size.

The purpose of an oscillator is to produce repetitive sound that will compliment the music being played. They are relatively easy to set up and use. Oscillators will filter the sounds providing a wide range of music.

As little as possible, since the ammeter must be inserted in the circuit,

and the current it measures must flow through it.

When doing binary addition, the carry save adder outputs two numbers, one of which is the partial sum and the other is the sequence of carry bits. By analyzing the carry bits in conjunction with the partial sum, the final sum is determined. In contrast, the look ahead adder calculates the carry bits before any partial or final sum is determined, because knowing the carry bits beforehand speeds up the entire process.

It depends on the type of diode. Generally, diodes are use for converting AC supply to DC. That is particularly true of silicon rectifier diodes.

Germanium detector diodes are used in radios to detect the signal from the RF. Those same types of diodes are useful in logic circuits as well. They don't handle a lot of voltage or current, but they work fine with radio and computer signals.

A zener diode functions much like an ordinary diode until a breakdown voltage is reached, and then it will conduct the other direction, making it useful for voltage regulation. For instance if a zener is placed across some DC power leads after a fuse, then the unit may be protected from both excessive voltage and being hooked up backwards. If the device is connected to the DC source with the correct polarity, and if the voltage is not beyond the rated value, the diode will not conduct, and thus not blow the fuse.

A light-emitting diode is used primarily for producing light. Arrays of LEDs are used in displays, televisions and computer monitors. Even home and commercial lighting now uses LED technology.

Resistors, capacitors, diodes

Transistor either increases or decreases current..

Capacitor stores energy

U1300 is a communication error between computers If either the SDM (air bag computer) or the Pcm (engine computer) or Abs if equipped loses Voltage for a period of time (4secs) the code will set. The air bag light or the service light will be on if the code is current

Resistors have standard colors for identification of the resistance value. In order, the colors are: black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, gray, and white. Reading resistors is a very simple procedure if you use the chart and formula below.

Hold the resistor with the gold or silver band to the right and read the resistor from the left to the right.

http://www.westfloridacomponents.com/reschart.html

Wiring bulbs in a series is useful in certain applications. For example decorated lighting on holiday trees using multiple bulbs on a single circuit. This is useful by keeping the circuit linear and simple and allows for a single switch. The disadvantages to having multiple bulbs on a linear circuit is that if one bad bulb turns off the whole circuit.

A swamping resistor is usually manufactured from the metal alloy manganin (trade name), or other alloy with similar resistance/temperature characteristics -i.e. practically zero temperature coefficient of resistance. In other words, its resistance will remain more-or-less constant over a wide range of temperature variation.

The lowest amperage range on the VOM should be used to measure milliamps. To get a very accurate reading a digital VOM should be used as an analogue VOM usually loads the line that it is reading.

Glass is a good conductor when melted. Most precision glass melters use gas burners to get the glass to a molten state, then they use electrodes immersed in the glass to electrically heat it to the required temperature.