Electronics Engineering

The ANALOG FILTER used in analog circuits.The DIGITAL FILTER USED IN DIGITAL circuits.

The question is moot, here's why: First of all, the replacement must supply the correct voltage. This cannot change. You always replace a 12V supply with a 12V supply. If the replacement supply has the correct amperage, it will also have the correct volt-amperes, since (by our definition) the voltage is the same. Say the old supply was 12V, 2A. This is a 24VA supply (12 X 2 = 24). The new supply also must be 12V, so which is more important, amperes, or VA? As you can see, if we make sure the new supply is 2A, it will also mean it supplies 24VA (12 X 2 = 24). If we make sure the new supply is 24 VA it will obviously supply 2A (24/12 = 2). So, assuming the voltage stays the same, matching either VA or amperes automatically means the other value is correct.

Audio output frequency is that range of frequencies that can be heard. For humans, that is generally considered to be the range of 20Hz to 20kHz.

The same h parameter model is used for npn and pnp transistors because gain is gain. It does not matter if you are using a negative or a positive system. So long as you are consistent in your calculations, you will get the correct results. In an NPN transistor operating in class A, if you increase the base current by increasing the base voltage, you will increase the collector current which decreases the collector voltage. In a PNP transistor operating in class A, if you increase the base current by decreasing the base voltage, you will still increase the collector current, which will increase the collector voltage.

-1) Mechanical: the beam sweep is chieved through physical movement of some part of the transducer, usually the crystal element(s);

-2) Electronic: the beam is swept by electronic activation of crystal elements, without causing the transducer to move physically.

The commercial AM broadcast band is 0.55 to 1.6 megahertz, with channels spaced 0.01 megahertz. The commercial FM broadcast band is 88.1 to 107.9 megahertz, with channels spaced 0.2 megahertz. Had the questioner proofread his question, we might have known which one he had in mind.

Doubling the voltage in a circuit does not double the propagation speed in that circuit. It only doubles the available energy (volts is joules per coulomb), which doubles the current (amperes is coulombs per second), and quadruples the power (watts is joules per second).

Well the purpose of the transformer in an amplifier is impedance matching. Lets say the transformer is on the input of a audio amp. Now the amp circuitry has an input impedance (this is important because matching the impedance gives us maximum power transferred from the input signal source to the amp circuit, and that increases performance) and a microphone has an output impedance. So if the microphone is 10,000 ohms and the amp circuit is 500 ohms then the transformer is designed to transform 10,000 ohms to 500 ohms for better signal transfer. If the trans former is on the output of an amplifier the trans former transforms the output impedance of the of the power amp circuit to the input impedance of the load. If the output is a speaker (usually 8 ohms ) and the output impedance of the amp circuit is 1000 ohms then for maximum power transfer the transformer trans forms 1000 ohms to 8 ohms. This was the case using electron tubes. Now with transistors, amplifier circuits can be built with lower output impedances (common collector circuit in a class B power amp) so the costly transformer can be eliminated. Also Audio transformers are made slightly different in design than power transformers. Ausio transformers are designed with higher resistance in the windings to enable a wider frequency response where as power transformers are designed with much lower resistance to keep heating minimized while passing only one power frequency (60 hertz) at large amounts of power. Roger nsc@psu.edu

A thermistor is a type of resistor specifically designed to have a predictable change in resistance depending on the temperature surrounding it. All resistors and, in fact the resistance of all components are succeptable to changes in temperature. The thermistor however, is specifically designed to exploit this in order to be able to measure temperature. They are commonly found in all sorts of temperature sensing circuits, from your digital thermostat in your house to your digital meat thermometer.

Since a cathode ray is a stream of electrons, and since electrons are negatively charged, a positively charged metal plate would cause a deflection in the cathode ray towards the plate.

It's where electronics begin. You cannot have any electronic device without having a chip inside it, and without the heroes of this industry we would be far behind where we are in the digital world of today.

One might find that the cost to repair such an item may far exceed the price of a new unit, taking into account the lower cost of mass produced electronics and electronic circuit boards these days.

v peak = v rms times square root (2)

Note: A junction voltage of 0.3V is atypical. Normally a silicon diode has a forward voltage between 0.6 volts to 1.4V depending on current. Are you sure about the forward voltage? Perhaps you are talking about germanium or schottky diodes?

A long time ago, after ways to make semiconductors were discovered - around 1955 - circuits were made by using a separate transistor to perform each function. That took a lot of real estate on a circuit board and meant severely decreased functionality when handling high frequencies.

Nowadays all of those transistors and their associated circuit components can be laid out and etched into an area that is less than the size of the point of a pin, which is why they are called INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.

The material that is used is a wafer of specially-prepared semiconductor material that has been doped differently in various nano-layers to allow the various circuit elements to be formed by selective etching.

a woodwind instrument that plays the melody of a Thai music.

The diode is neither shorted nor open. It is a zener diode and it is conducting in both directions. If it were truly shorted, it would read closer to zero ohms in both directions.

Any source of ionizing radiation makes ozone, and expressed voltages greater than 3 volts have the potential to make some ozone.

Fuses blow, in any application, when the current in the circuit exceeds the limit preset by the fuse selection. It is also possible, if the fuse terminals are corroded, for heat to be generated, causing the fuse to melt, giving the appearance of having blown.

There are several types of censors:

1 Acoustic, sound, vibration

2 Automotive, transportation

3 Chemical

4 Electric current, electric potential, magnetic, radio

5 Environment, weather

6 Flow

7 Ionising radiation, subatomic particles

8 Navigation instruments

9 Position, angle, displacement, distance, speed, acceleration

10 Optical, light, imaging

11 Pressure, force, density, level

12 Thermal, heat, temperature

13 Proximity, presence

96nm, can target until 40nm

A Cathode Ray Tube is a specially constructed vacuum tube in which an electron beam controlled by electric or magnetic fields generates a visual display of input electrical signals on a fluorscent screen. It consists of three important parts, namely, an electron gun, a deflection system and a fluorscent screen.

The PDP-1 was made by Digital Equipment Corporation, DEC.