Endocrine System

Hypothalamus

The adrenal glands in a pig produces hormones for water balance, stress hormones, and androgens. They also secrete fight or flight hormones.

Glands that secrete their contents into the blood stream. Examples Adrenal Gland and Thyroid Gland. Some glands are both duct/ductless. The Pancreas secretes

several hormones into the blood stream and also secretes enzymes via ducts into the small bowel.

It produces hormone parathomon. It increases the Ca level and decrease the phosphate level of bllod

The pituatry gland.

Shivering uses muscles, which generate heat, which in turn increase the metabolic rate.

Shivering increases oxygen consumption by up to 5-6 times the normal rate.

Britt, L.D., Dascombe, W.H., Rodriguez, A. (1991) New horizons in management of hypothermia and frostbite injury. Contemporary Problems in Trauma Surgery, 71(2), 345-370.

In the case of a Type 2 Diabetes (Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus - NIDDM) or Prediabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance - IGT), the pancreas produces little insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that is present and therefore the cells cannot use these glucose in the body. Excessive glucose then starts to build up in the bloodstream and the kidney cannot filter all these extra glucose.

Two things will then happen:

Your body will send signals to your brain to drink more water to dilute the blood glucose / sugar levels back to normal.

The "extra" glucose escapes to the urine and thickens it and at the same time draws more water to help it flow through the kidneys. The extra water you drank eventually fills your bladder.

These will cause you to urinate more often and in larger amounts. In the end your body gets dehydrated and makes you feel extremely thirsty.

The cycle continues as your blood glucose / sugar levels are still high, your body will keep thinking you need more water and as you drink more water, you urinate more……a vicious cycle.

A 4.9 for a TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) test means that you are on the hypothyroid end. While a normal TSH varies from person to person, the range that is typically followed by most doctors is .3 to 4.5. A .3 is on the hyperthyroid (overactive thyroid) end and a 4.5 is on the hypothyroid (under active thyroid) end of the spectrum. Talk with your doctor about any questions or concerns about the results, as well as any symptoms you are experiencing.

TSH is short for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. This is produced by the hypothalamus. When T4 levels (which are hormones produced by the thyroid) are low, the hypothalamus produces TSH to tell the thyroid to start producing T4. Thus, the hypothalamus is really a regulator for the thyroid.

An indicator of hypothyroidism or Hashimoto's disease is raised levels of TSH and low levels of T4. In Hyperthyroidism or Graves disease, the T4 levels will be elevated and TSH level will be low.

Common symptoms of hypothyroidism are weight gain, intolerance to cold, hair loss, fatigue, muscle pain, goiter, depression and constipation.

Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism are weight loss, anxiety, intolerance to heat, hair loss, fatigue or hyperactivity, muscle pain, depression, diarrhea, tremor, and palpitations.

A goiter is inflammation of the thyroid gland, also known as the thyroid gland becoming enlarged. Meanwhile, a thyroid nodule is a lump in or on the thyroid gland.

For a premenopausal woman, normal values range from 4-30 U/L or 5-20 micro-international units per milliliter. In a pregnant woman, FSH levels are too low to measure. After menopause, normal values range from 40-250 U/L

In the morning about 20 minutes your first meal. This way your medication has enough time to digest and enter your blood stream to provide you all-day treatment. Don't take it at night before you go to sleep because your body will just filter most of it out and it will end up in your urine the next morning.

The Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males is responsible for triggering sperm production.

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland which is situated at the front of the throat, below the larynx. It is made up of two lobes on either side of the windpipe, joined in front by an isthmus. The thyroid gland secretes hormones that regulate metabolic processes, such as growth and energy expenditure. This gland is controlled by the pituitary gland, which is located in the brain. The pituitary prompts the thyroid to make its hormones including thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) by releasing a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). However, if a persons diet is too low in iodine the thyroid can't manufacture hormones. Never the less the pituitary keeps sending chemical messages to the thyroid, without any result . The thyroid gland then enlarges as it unsucsesfuly trys tos to comply with the pituitary's glands instruction. Apart from iodine deficiency, other causes of goiter involve conditions of the thyroid - such as nodules, cancer, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

The symptoms of a goiter include: * Enlargement of the throat, ranging from a small lump to a huge mass. * Swallowing problems, if the goiter is large enough to press on the esophagus. * Breathing problems, if the goiter is large enough to press on the windpipe (trachea).

it regulates metabolism and metabolism produces heat. its called the calorigenic effect.

Normal values at 8 a.m. are 6 - 23 mcg/dL.

Note: mcg/dL = micrograms per deciliter

Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.

The endocrine system influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies. It plays a role in mood regulation, growth, tissue function, metabolism, sexual function and reproductive processes.

Glucagon is released when blood sugar levels are low, like when someone is fasting. It is released into the bloodstream by the alpha cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas. It causes the liver to convert the stored glycogen that it has into glucose. That glucose is released into the blood and increases the blood sugar level of the body.

Yes, testing the mother for skewed x-inactivation.

Some adrenal gland tumors are benign (non-cancerous) and some are malignant (cancerous).

Unlike the nervous system, the affects of the endocrine systems control is slower, but has a longer-lasting influence in the body. It utilizes the use of hormones that are secreted directly into the blood from ductless glands. This is the main way the body regulates metabolism, reproduction, growth and development, maintains fluid and electrolyte, acid-base, and energy balances.

t3 0.60-1.81 ng/ml

t4 5.01-12.45 ug/ml

tsh 0.35-5.50 uiu/ml

these are normal thyroid levels.

it produce it wen you exercise your self