Evolution

Charles Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle in the 1820's. The classical story is that his experience of the animals and plants of South America and the Galapagos (such as iguanas, tortoises and finches) suggested to him that species were not as fixed as many had assumed. Upon his return to England, he collated and gathered much evidence for change of living organisms (across time), eventually publishing his ideas in 1859 in his famous work On the Origin of Species. Organismal change had been hypothesised before Darwin even set out on the HMS Beagle. However it was Darwin who gathered the evidence that first showed change was indisputable and that Evolution was indeed a worthy hypothesis after all. Darwin's great addition were the suggestions of the mechanisms of Natural Selection and Sexual Selection in evolution.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, suggesting that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to its offspring. He also investigated the relationship between organisms and their environment, contributing to our understanding of evolution.

Back then, people were very religous and they thought that Darwin was saying we evolved from monkeys, but really, his theory proved that we evolved from the same common ancestor as monkeys, but took different paths.

Darwin was very worried about producing his theory in "The Orign of Species'

becaus of his beloved wife, Emma Darwin who was Christian and would be hurt by the very idea of it.

'The Origin of Species' was published in November 1859 at age 50, and sold 1250 copies in a single day. He was ridiculed and mocked.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published his ideas on evolution in 1809 in a book titled "Philosophie Zoologique." In this book, he proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, which suggested that organisms could pass down traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring.

When a cell undergoes cell division, it splits to produce two new cells. These new cells are called daughter cells. The original cell which splits to produce the daughter cells is known as the parent cell.

Comparative anatomy is the investigation and comparison of the structures of different animals. Scientists use comparative anatomy to study the difference between species and how they are alike in other ways.

By comparing the similarities and differences between a number of species, scientists can then construct a picture of their evolutionary relationships.

Lamarck's principle of use and disuse proposes that organisms can acquire or lose certain traits based on how much they use or do not use them during their lifetime. In other words, Lamarck suggested that characteristics developed during an individual's lifetime can be passed on to their offspring. This idea contrasts with modern understanding of genetics, which is based on the transmission of genetic information through DNA from parents to offspring.

Lamarck's three theories were the inheritance of acquired characteristics, the use and disuse theory, and the theory of adaptation. His assumptions included the belief that organisms could pass on traits they acquired in their lifetime to their offspring, that these traits were a result of their environment, and that organisms could change over time in response to their environment.

1. Fossil record shows a progression of organisms from simple to complex forms over time.
2. Comparative anatomy reveals similarities in bone structure and development between different species, indicating a common evolutionary ancestry.
3. Genetic similarity and shared sequences in DNA among different species provide strong evidence for common ancestry and evolution.

It shows how organisms transitioned. For example,

-Whales used to be land mammals, and they have finger bones in their fins. The changes in their inner ear to hear better in water than in land also shows adaptation.

-Humans used to be apes, and our curved spine is reminiscent that. The tail bone for example still has muscle attached to it which shows even today we still have a tail. It is just inside of our body. (And we still have the gene for a full tail, it's just inactive in most people. There are cases of babies being born with a full prehensile tail.)

-Recent discoveries show that velociraptors probably had some feathers on their forearms. This was discovered due to comparison of birds and their forearm bones which showed protrusions that suggest feather development.

Thorns are a plants systematic defense against predation by herbivores. In plants with this defense there must have been a variant that had a proto-thorn that helped it defend against herbivores and leave more descendants with the thorn trait. ( simplistic explanation, but valid )

Yes, Charles Darwin observed that in similar environments, unrelated species could independently evolve similar adaptations to survive and thrive. This phenomenon is known as convergent evolution, where organisms facing similar selective pressures develop similar traits or structures. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explains how this process occurs over time.

The embryonic stage for many animals is very similar. For example, fish, bird, rabbit, and human embryos are similar in appearance in the early stages. They all have gill slits, a two-chambered heart, and a tail with muscles to move it. Later on, as the embryos grow and develop, they become less and less similar.

I don't claim expertise in evolutionary theory, but it seems so persuasive that I am willing to accept it as the best concept yet.

I've heard a Creationist say. "Well. there's no example of an animal that is half cat and half dog"

But that just shows that he has no concept of evolutionary theory

Adaptations such as double hooves and thick woolly coats (that keep the sheep warm in colder climates found on these hills) are both examples of the adaptations sheep have. these were the adaptations of sheep i hope this helps you

Well, the 4 key principles of Talamarianism contribute to natural selection in very different ways. The first contributes by melting flesh. The other 17 are Melissa and Jim's children, therefore they are not immune to freshly cut grass.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, which suggests that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to its offspring. He also proposed the idea of use and disuse, where organs that are used frequently become more developed while those that are not used deteriorate over time. However, Lamarck's theories have largely been discredited in favor of Darwin's theory of natural selection.

It is difficult to estimate the exact number of species that have become extinct since human evolution began, but it is believed to be in the millions. The rate of extinction has increased significantly in modern times due to human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested an idea that Darwin would later expand upon. Lamarck suggested that any changes a creature underwent during its lifetime would be passed down to the offspring. He also believed unused parts would just go away over time, due to this.

Kinetic energy is a manifestation of the product of mass times velocity. Mass has no upper limit, velocity has (so far as we know). The maximum velocity of anything with mass is c, the speed of light.
How you would accelerate a massive object to this speed is not known. The more massive an object the more difficult it is to accelerate it.
If you could then the most massive object travelling at this velocity would have the most kinetic energy.

No, humans do not have true bony teeth. Teeth are composed of hard tissues like enamel, dentin, and cementum, which are different from bone tissue. Teeth are attached to the jawbone through the periodontal ligament.

Behavioral trends in primate evolution include increased intelligence, complex social structures, tool use, and communication. Primate species have also exhibited adaptations for various ecological niches and forms of locomotion, such as brachiation and quadrupedalism. Additionally, there is evidence of increased parental care and problem-solving abilities in some primate groups.

Linked that closely these genes can travel down the generation not being crossed over or subjected to recombination in any way. Mutation in one or the other may break this linkage, but that is not as statistically likely as the non-recombination events in sex cells over many generations.