Genetic Engineering

Gene medicine might be a method of cuuring genetic disorders in the future.

Sources:

Biology degree

The 4 steps of genetic engineering are DNA cleavage and isolation, production of recombinant DNA cloning, and screening. DNA cleavage and isolation uses restriction endonucleases to break up DNA strands. The production of recombinant DNA inserts DNA fragments into plasmids or similar vectors also digested by same restriction enzymes.

Many negative diseases and traits are very rare and recessive. In a population where very little inbreeding occurs, these negative traits do not show up frequently because such a small percent of the population is a carrier for them.

When related individuals who are carriers of these negative recessive traits breed with each other, their offspring receive two copies of the trait, resulting in the physical or mental retardation of the offspring due to the negative trait.

Only the dominant trait can be seen in an organism that is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits

there are many issues dealing with genetic engineering, most people who go through genetic therapy come out with a disease, when they didn't before

Variation or mutation occurs within the DNA. It is a natural result of the replication process, or the copying of one DNA strand to make new DNA during reproduction. If the new mutation ends up making some kind of variation that does not kill the organism, then the variation will be passed on to new generations. This is how new traits are formed. When the variation is actually more useful than a trait that the organism's parents had, that new variation will be passed along as a survival trait.

There a number of diseases with joint pain and swelling as the symptoms. Different types of arthritis are known to cause inflammation to joins as well as pain. Another common disease that has similar symptoms is gout.

A genetic disorder (or a hereditary disease/inherited disorder) is when a wrong gene or chromosomal aberration changes what your genome normally would be. For example: Down's Syndrome or Trisomy 21 which means that that person has 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal 2.

Variation mainly comes with sexual reproduction at three points.

1. Infidelity in DNA replication introduces variant alleles (mutant alleles)

2. Homologous recombination (crossover) exchanges alleles so new combinations appear in every generation.

3. Transposition (short tandem repeats as STR microsatellites; retrotransposed SINE & LINE regions

Here are some examples of diseases and genetic disorders that can be inherited from birth or passed on to the next generation:

Diabetes 1, AIDS, Tuberculosis, Neurofibromatosis, and Huntington's disease.

True!!

Genetic mutation have a few effects to look out for. First of all, a genetically mutated body part or organ will not function as long as an average body part or organ. However, in some cases, these mutations are helpful for those whom could otherwise use them as prosthetic organs or body parts. In addition, people whom have a genetic mutation are sometimes given a monthly check if their mutation prohibits them from every day tasks.

Bacteria are prokaryotes, which means that they do not have a nucleus (unlike eukaryotes, which do). Instead, their genetic material is contained freely in the cytoplasm of the cell; it is not bound inside a membrane.

The nucleotide sequence should be AGA TGC GAG TTA CGG (all upper case).

AGA TGC GAG TTA CGG (first strand) on DNA

TCT, ACG, CTC, AAT, GCC (complementary strand) to the above DNA

mRNA: UGU,UGC,GUG,UUA,CGG producing these amino acids:cytoseine, cytosine, valine and arginine. Adding an adenine could cause a mutation at the second codon (stop).

Genetic engineering is a lab technique used by scientists to change DNA of living organisms. It involves taking DNA from one organism and putting it into an unrelated organism (bacteria gene into corn, for example) in order to produce a desired trait.

fertilization

The first animal to be cloned was a tadpole in 1952.

no. it would have maximum genetic diversity in the meddle east where it originated from

It is in a duplicated state.

Reproductive cloning scientist investigate about cells, an egg cell and mix the nucleus, therefore a sollution of the egg cell transfers the nucleus of the somatic cell into the eggcell, then they add mitosis to the egg cell containing the somatics DNA, resulting in an 16cell embryo then it is placed in the womb of a female to create a clone.

While therapeutic cloning people look at embyos and how they are formed.

Nucleic acid.

Operon

The correct order in which cellular component will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge is a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins.

Genetic material is stored in the nucleus of a cell, called nuclear DNA. The ribosomes are free floating organelles that process genetic information into proteins determined by "codons" and the Endoplasmic Reticulum helps transfer the newly synthesized proteins to their destination. So it is stored in the nucleus but travels along and within many other different structures within a cell

C. Placing an adult nucleus in a cell without a nucleus.