Genetic Engineering

2, it means that both of the alleles are different when compared to homozygous. Homozygous alleles are like aa or AA. Heterozygous simply means Aa so it has one dominant and one recessive allele

dimples are a "birth defect" means that your muscles are too short thus pulling the skin causing this little holes, why do you think most babies have them? cause their muscles developed and they have a lot of baby fat same goes to people with a little extra fat

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was important because he invented de microscopy and thats the way scientists discovered bacterias and labeled the elements of a microscopic cell. His researches in science where also really important.

yes

malaria

Ribonucleic acid

Two different alleles for a trait.

30% of people or doctors use genetic testing because of the change in chromosomes

The amount of sunlight, water, and nutrients from the soil one plant receives definitely affect how large the plant grows, but genetics is key. With no viable seed, and environmental factors do not matter.

The scope of biotechnology is diverse. It includes the use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes. Applications include the production of certain drugs, synthetic hormones, and bulk foodstuffs as well as the bio-conversion of organic waste and the use of genetically altered bacteria in the cleanup of oil spills.

Some interesting facts about cloning are: Human stem cells and rat cells have been mixed at some point. The first cloned animal was a tadpole. Despite the research that has been put into cloning, 95% of attempts fail.

The process that makes a new copy of an organism's genetic information and then passes it on to new cells is called mitosis.

they have a nucleus, they have a cell membrane, they are not found in plants.

Some genes encode products that regulate the translation of other genes, or the activity of other proteins, so one small change will affect a lot of other genes/proteins. If that change affects something critical it might lead to a genetic disorder.

Gene medicine might be a method of cuuring genetic disorders in the future.

Sources:

Biology degree

The 4 steps of genetic engineering are DNA cleavage and isolation, production of recombinant DNA cloning, and screening. DNA cleavage and isolation uses restriction endonucleases to break up DNA strands. The production of recombinant DNA inserts DNA fragments into plasmids or similar vectors also digested by same restriction enzymes.

Many negative diseases and traits are very rare and recessive. In a population where very little inbreeding occurs, these negative traits do not show up frequently because such a small percent of the population is a carrier for them.

When related individuals who are carriers of these negative recessive traits breed with each other, their offspring receive two copies of the trait, resulting in the physical or mental retardation of the offspring due to the negative trait.

Only the dominant trait can be seen in an organism that is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits

there are many issues dealing with genetic engineering, most people who go through genetic therapy come out with a disease, when they didn't before

Variation or mutation occurs within the DNA. It is a natural result of the replication process, or the copying of one DNA strand to make new DNA during reproduction. If the new mutation ends up making some kind of variation that does not kill the organism, then the variation will be passed on to new generations. This is how new traits are formed. When the variation is actually more useful than a trait that the organism's parents had, that new variation will be passed along as a survival trait.

There a number of diseases with joint pain and swelling as the symptoms. Different types of arthritis are known to cause inflammation to joins as well as pain. Another common disease that has similar symptoms is gout.

A genetic disorder (or a hereditary disease/inherited disorder) is when a wrong gene or chromosomal aberration changes what your genome normally would be. For example: Down's Syndrome or Trisomy 21 which means that that person has 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal 2.

Variation mainly comes with sexual reproduction at three points.

1. Infidelity in DNA replication introduces variant alleles (mutant alleles)

2. Homologous recombination (crossover) exchanges alleles so new combinations appear in every generation.

3. Transposition (short tandem repeats as STR microsatellites; retrotransposed SINE & LINE regions

Here are some examples of diseases and genetic disorders that can be inherited from birth or passed on to the next generation:

Diabetes 1, AIDS, Tuberculosis, Neurofibromatosis, and Huntington's disease.

True!!