Intel 8086 and 8088

The instruction prefetch queue speeds up the processing of microprocessors by attempting to have the next opcode bytes available to the execution unit before it actually needs them. This works because, statistically, there is time spent by the execution unit in executing a particular instruction; time that the bus interface unit can use to go ahead and prefetch the next opcode bytes. Sometimes, this results in a loss of time, because the execution unit may branch to some other location. Modern processors attempt to sidestep that by using branch prediction algorithms.

32 bit address bus can access more than 4 gigabytes (232) of memory.

Sandeep Kr. Singh (MCA)

it primarily running as a 16 bit processor..so it is so called as 8086

To keep track of your money and make sure the bank isn't ripping you off.

No. The Pentium IV is not an Intel 8086. It is closer to the 80586.

The IP register contains the address of the next instruction to fetch and execute.

Normally, IP is incremented by the number of bytes in the instruction after execution of that instruction, unless a transfer of control occurs, in which case IP is loaded with a new value.

In electronics, telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (short muxing) is a term used to refer to a process where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in electronics, multiplexing allows several analog signals to be processed by one analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and in telecommunications, several phone calls may be transferred using one wire. In communications, the multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel, which may be a physical transmission medium. The multiplexing divides the capacity of the low-level communication channel into several higher-level logical channels, one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, can extract the original channels on the receiver side.

Multiplexing technique is designed to reduce the number of electrical connections or leads in the display matrix. Whereas driving signals are applied not to each pixel (picture element) individually but to a group of rows and columns at a time. Besides reducing the number of individually independent interconnections, multiplexing also simplifies the drive electronics, reduces the cost and provides direct interface with the microprocessors. There are limitations in multiplexing due to complex electro-optical response of the liquid crystal cell. However, fairly reasonable level of multiplexing can be achieved by properly choosing the multiplexing scheme, liquid crystal mixture and cell designing.

the question is not clear.

the chip with which 8086 has to be interfaced should be mentioned.

for example, interfacing 8086 and 8087( NDP)

or 8086 and 8255( PPI)

or 8086 and 8259( PIC)

or 8086 and 8089( IOP)

But to make the answer complete I would like to mention 2 references

1.Douglas Hall, "Multiprocessors and Interfacing , Programming and

Hardware", Tata Mcgraw-Hill.1999, second edition.

2.John Uffenback, "8086/88 Interfacing, Programming and Design",

1987, PHI.

The data bus is used to read or write (hence bi-directional) to the data location selected by the address written on the address bus. You only need to write (one-way) to the address bus to select the data location. It does not make sense to read from the address bus.

The execution unit execute the instruction while the bus interface unit do the fetching and shows the results as an output

Let N be the number of addresses line

2 megabyte = 2*1024

=2048

N = log (size in bytes) /log 2

N= log 2048/log 2

N=11

The data bus in the 8086 is 16 bits in size, while the address bus is 20 (16bits would only address 64KB of memory, an extra 4 bits allows to address the total of 1MB, this is done trough segmentation of the memory).

To form a multiplexed of data bus and address bus, four bits of 8086 address bus are grounded.

Some are and some are not.

A model of a relacatable program is the DOS .COM file. As a disk file, this program is a binary image of what is loaded in memory. The segment registers are loaded by the operating system, and often were unchanged by the program during operation. It is possible, however, to request more memory from the operating system (or assume the memory is there) and use it, changing the segment registers as required.

The non-relocatable program is the .EXE file. In it, segment overrides are not filled in, and must be inserted by the operating system when the program is loaded. Such a file will run anywhere in memory that the operating system puts it, but it must be loaded by the operating system, and the image in memory is not the same as what is on disk.

its munch, my program will add two 8-bit no. and store ina memory location

MVI 20H //copies 20h to accumulator

ADI 30H //adds 30h with the content of accumulator

STA 3000H //store result in 3000h lpcation

HLT //stop operation

this operation also can be done with taking the values from memory location as

LDA 2000H //loads accumulator with contents of 2000h location

MOV B,A //copies the content of accumulator to register B

LDA 2001H //loads acc with the content of 2001h

ADD B //adds acc with content of register B

STA 3000H //stores result in location 3000h

HLT //stops operation

and there are further many ways to perform the same dependent on many conditions such as carry etc.

About One billion GB

See articles blow:

http://titus.compsci.ualr.edu/~ptang/2382/slides/lec6.pdf

http://www.emu8086.com/assembly_language_tutorial_assembler_reference/asm_tutorial_02.html

Regards

Cash register

School Register

--------------------

processor register

User-accessible Registers

Data registers

Address registers

Conditional registers

General purpose registers

Floating point registers

Constant registers

Special purpose registers

Instruction registers

Model-specific registers

Control and status registers

Memory buffer register

Memory data register

Memory address register

Memory Type Range Registers

Hardware registers

Because that's how Intel designed it.

They chose a 6 byte queue in the 8086 in order to optimize speed versus latency of the execution unit versus the bus interface unit. The decision for 6 bytes, as compared to 4 or 8 or some other number was a cost tradeoff and a recognition of the average mix of instruction execution cycle times in a typical processing thread.

There are four pins in an Intel Core i3. The Intel Core i3 is a desktop processor. The machine has a dual-core processing unit which runs two independent processor cores in one physical package at the same frequency.

P (parity)is the count of '1's in the last 8 bits of any binary number expressed as even or odd. Logic 0 for odd parity; logic 1 for even parity.
-if a number contains three binary one bits, it has odd parity
-if a number contains no one bits, it has even parity

There are 6 general purpose Registers and Two special purpose registers:

General purpose registers(8 bit basically) are B,C,D,E,H,L and SPECIAL Purpose resisters are STACK PONITER,PROGRAM COUNTER these two are 16 bit registers.

If u want make general purpose registers as 16 bit registers, the combination is BC,DE,HL these are 16 bit pair registers