Intel 8086 and 8088

A microprocessor with 12 address lines is capable of addressing 4096 locations in memory. The Intel 4004 and the DEC PDP-8 are examples of processors with 12 address lines.

STACK operation in 8085 microprocessor.

The stack is a reserved area of the memory in RAM where temporary information may be stored. An 8-bit stack pointer is used to hold the address of the most recent stack entry. This location which has the most recent entry is called as the top of the stack.
When the information is written on the stack, the operation is called PUSH. When the information is read from the stack, the operation is called POP. The stack works on the principle of Last in First Out or Fist in Lat Out

The 8086 forms a 20 bit address by adding the effective address (a 16 bit value) to a segment register (another 16 bit value) which is left shifted by 4. That gives a 20 bit address in the range of 00000H to FFFFFH.

cs register holds the base address (16 bit) and the IP has the offset.

(ex):

CS --->348A

IP --->4214(offset)

generation of 20 bit:

CS*10+IP

(ie)

348A0

04214 +

----------------------

38AB4(20 BIT)

----------------------

No.

The SI (Source Index) and DI (Destination Index) registers are useful in repeated string operations, such as copy. The DS (Data Segment) register is paired up with SI and the ES (Extra Segment) register is paired up with DI.

Memory address decoding in the ISA bus for selection of 8-bit or 16-bit transfer mode allowed for some incompatibilities, because the memory address decoding only occurred in 128kb sections. Which made for problems with 8- and 16-bit cards coexisting.

See related links below for additional information.

OR AX

Will clear carry and overflow, leaving AX alone.

in any of the microprocessor include sequencer that sequencer send control signal to the memory and processor to do specific operation like read or write operation

The fetch-execute cycle.

the bus through which the data are transmitted or received within microprocessor and with peripherals is called as data bus.when used internally to microprocessor called internal data bus.

It provides timing signals.

the compare instruction of 808 is used to compare the 2 operands.

syntax: cmp op1,op2

algorithm: op1-op2

the value of the operands are not affected only the flags are updated

if op1<op2 carry=1 and zero flag=0

if op1=op2 cy=0 and zf=1

if op1>op2 cy=0 and zf=0

1. Convert 7CA4 to binary

2. Locate bits 8 and 9.

3. Write out all possible combinations of the address changing those 2 bits.

4. Convert back to hex to get the answer.

The term Fan Out is a measure of how many loads a pin can drive. This is usually normalized to the load of a standard TTL input, which is considered to be a Fan In of 1. This is a digital logic term, not necessarily just a microprocessor term.

Fan In and Fan Out are important, because you do not want to exceed the rated load placed on a pin without providing extra buffering.

A macro is a group of repetitive instructions in a program which are codified only once and can be used as many times
as necessary.

The main difference between a macro and a procedure is that in the macro the passage of parameters is possible and in the
procedure it is not, this is only applicable for the MASM - there are other programming languages which do allow it.
At the moment the macro is executed each parameter is substituted by the name or value specified at the time of the call.

We can say then that a procedure is an extension of a determined program, while the macro is a module with specific
functions which can be used by different programs.

Another difference between a macro and a procedure is the way of calling each one, to call a procedure the use of a
directive is required, on the other hand the call of macrosis done as if it were an assembler instruction.
Example of procedure:
For example, if we want a routine which adds two bytes stored in AH and AL each one, and keep the addition in the BX register:


Adding Proc Near ; Declaration of the procedure
Mov Bx, 0 ; Content of the procedure
Mov B1, Ah
Mov Ah, 00
Add Bx, Ax
Ret ; Return directive
Add Endp ; End of procedure declaration

and an example of Macro:

Position MACRO Row, Column
PUSH AX
PUSH BX
PUSH DX
MOV AH, 02H
MOV DH, Row
MOV DL, Column
MOV BH, 0
INT 10H
POP DX
POP BX
POP AX
ENDM

If the page size is 8kb, then 14 bits of the virtual address are used for the final offset. That leaves (48-14) or 34 bits to select the page table entry. That is 17,179,869,184 entries in a maximally filled page table. The physical address size has no bearing to this particular question, because you asked how many entries, not how large the page table would be.

1.The excluding interrupts are INT0 & INT1

2.The Timer0 and Timer1 are interrupts are generated by TF0 and TF1

Packets per second - In networking, the amount of packets a device can process per second. Packets per second (pps) is a measure of throughput for network devices such as bridges, routers, and switches. It's a reliable measurement only if all packet sizes are the same. Vendors will often rate their equipment based on pps, but make sure comparisons are made using the same packet sizes.

the data bus is only 8 bits wide but most buses today are much wider: 16, 32, 64, or 128 bits wide.

This is due to the fact that 16bits would only address 64KB of memory, which even then was very little.

The answer for this was to come up with an extra 4 bits to address the total 1MB, this is done trough segmentation of the memory. Google it.

Special restart instruction used with interrupts

The 386SX is a 32 bit processor running on a 16 bit bus.

The Intel 8086 and 8088 motherboards had the system bus speed, which is 5-10 MHz However, the processors for the motherboards had different external data bus widths with the 8088 CPU featuring an 8-bit bus and the 8086 a 16-bit bus.

The 8086 was a 16-bit microprocessor chip. It gave its name to the x86 architecture. It was the main CPU of the computer.

The 8087 was the first math coprocessor for 16 bit processors. It was the first of the x87 architecture chips. it couldn't act as the main CPU in a computer, it was dedicated to doing floating point mathematical computations.