Intellectual Property

Copyrights, Patents and Trademarks are ways to ensure complete control of a intellectual property by the creators or those assigned or transferred these rights by the originator of the content.

The interpretation of copyright law is often challenging because the parameters of what is copyrighted material is often subjective and defined by social norms and values within a particular society or even among a group of people in a society.

For example Hollywood has a radically different position on what copyrights entitle the creator and/or the owner of the creative intellectual property content, than that of the Open Source and Open Content communities who seek more flexible alternatives to copyright law.

There are not just one alternative to copyrights but many. One notable and often used alternative is Creative Commons.

Patents similarly encourage invention and research by protecting the researcher's work so that they are given credit as the primary and leading developers of that particular innovation in technology.

Trademarks are primarily used as marketing tools for corporations and include logos, company, product and brand names. However, in some cases the use of a trademark is a important tool for consumers to ensure that the brand they select is the actual real one and not a reproduction or knock off of the original. Oftentimes people will use the name of another company, to sell more of their own products without properly consulting or giving proper value or result to the originators of that name or concept.

say if you have writen a book that you have mabe are prodence and someone to cope it that is what a corpright

An intellectual is one who tries to use his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate, or ask and answer questions about a wide variety of different ideas.

Copyright law ostensibly prevents unlawful distribution, but technical preventions such as DRM tend to be more successful.

Sounds like you have a Remington Model 12 pump action rifle. Value would depend on over-all condition. How much finish (bluing/stock) remains and whether the bore is in shootable condition. If the bore is rusty and the rifling is pitted beyond use value drops considerably. Depending on condition, value could be from $200.00 to $450.00.

U.S. law states that when you write or finish a document and publish it, it is automatically copyright to you as long as you state so in your document. For example, if I write a guide for a game and say, "Copyright 2009, TheSteelPhantom", and then post that guide on the internet, it's Copyright to me.

Legal entity is a status of a company where the law sees the biz as separate and distinct from the owners. They enjoy legal personality. The business is a corporate citizen on its own and activities are carried out under its own name. It can sue or be sued under it's own name and there's nothing to do with the owners.

On July 31, 1790 Samuel Hopkins was issued the first patent for a process of making potash. Potash is an ingredient used in fertilizer. The patent was signed by President George Washington. Hopkins was born in Vermont, but was living in Philadelphia, PA when the patent was granted.

* Added - The first patent issued in what is now the US - In 1643 the Great and General Court of Boston issued the first patent to Joseph Jenkes of Lynn, Massachusetts for an improved water wheel.

Tiffany & Co. has more than 100 registered trademarks. The oldest is simply the phrase Tiffany & Co. as a mark used in metal works, with no specifications on font, color, design, etc. Later registrations include stylization, often registered in pairs for a new designation of goods and services, with separate registrations for Tiffany & Co. and just Tiffany.

Much later, in 1997, Tiffany registered a blue gift box; in 1998, "a shade of blue often referred to as robin's-egg blue" for catalog covers, bags, and boxes. In 2011, they registered a design for a blue snap for use on handbags.

The most recent Tiffany registration is for a jewelry line called Tiffany Grace, which was filed May 9, 2013.

Patents and copyrights give authors a monopoly over their own work for a "limited time." In this sense, they affect competition because they eliminate competition for that work once the author patents or copyrights it (assuming it's patentable or copyrightable), giving the author full control over her work. Aside from the cost of granting the author a this limited monopoly, there are other costs to having patents and copyrights: there are transaction costs in enforcement, for example, and costs to making the laws. So, the question is, why do we have it?

The purpose of copyright and patent law in the United States is actually written in the constitution: "to promote the sciences and the useful arts." The limited monopoly gives authors and inventors an incentive to create (which is very beneficial to our society), and outweighs any anti-competitive costs associated with having copyright and patent laws.


The basic standards for copyright and patent law support this basic purpose. For copyright law, the standard is "originality," and for patent law, the standard is "obviousness." The standard for patent law is higher because the cost of the monopoly is greater -- in patent law, you get a monopoly over an idea. If there were a low standard for granting monopolies over ideas (ex: if I could patent my idea for cooking broccoli a certain way), you could see how that would actually stifle progress. Accordingly, we don't want people controlling works of authorship unless they're original, and we don't want people controlling ideas unless they were not obvious.

There are several hundred different companies using the phrase "yellow pages" or "yellow page" as part of their trademarks, but (at least in the USA) they cannot prevent each other from using the words "yellow pages" in other combinations (e.g., "Bumpkinville Yellow Pages" could be a new trademark). To even be considered for a federal registration of a trademark including "yellow pages", you would be required to "disclaim" any proprietary right to those words, apart from your specific combination (i.e., with other words, with a distinctive logo, etc). A descriptive and non-distinctive brand is not a very valuable marketing tool, and it only takes a bit of imagination to come up with something much more catchy.

This can be read two ways.

Why the government? Because the patent process requires examination (to see if a new application is a duplicate of a previous patent), it needs to be handled by a centralized body. In the US, the Patent and Trademark Office is part of the Department of Commerce, which enables international dialog as well.

Why issue patents? To protect creators and researchers, and to encourage them to develop more products and processes by allowing them to derive an income from their creative output.

Intellectual property laws allow the monetization of creative works, trademarks, and patents, which in turn allows trade in these otherwise esoteric goods. Without such laws, value could not be ascribed, and an economy could not be built on them.

You can trademark the name, logo, and slogan (the "marks") associated with the service.

First things first, if you took an online IQ test then chances are the score is not accurate as the online sites often score you higher than normal to give you a confidence boost so that you'll pay for the full results. You would need to take a monitored test at either a college or high school by a licenced proctor. However, as to your question yes a 117 is good. An average person scores in the 85 to 115 range. 85 being borderline and 115 being high average. 116 and above places you in the top 2/3 in your peer group. So consider yourself above average. Congrats.

The US Constitution provides Congress the authority to grant property rights to inventors and authors for a limited time. Under current US law, patents are limited to either 17 years from the issue date of the patent or 20 years from the application date, depending on when the patent application was filed. Copyright now lasts up to 75 years or 75 years after the death of the author.

A trademark refers to a brand or other vendor identification applied to "goods" (i.e., things) and a service mark refers to a brand or

vendor identification for services (i.e., things people do).

Some brands may apply to both. For example, the McDonald's brand applies to "hospitality services in the form of restaurants" (among other services) as well as many of the actual goods you can obtain from McDonald's.

All members of the World Trade Organization are required to abide by the TRIPS agreements (Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights), which in turn require members to adhere to articles 1-21 of the Berne Convention. A link to the most recent list of WTO members is below.

That being said, not all countries have the same reputation for upholding the law; you will see that China has been a member of the WTO for ten years, yet its enforcement of IP laws is notoriously lax.

If it is for personal use like just writing down parts of a book or poems, or even favourite lyrics of songs in your journal or diary. it is okay and if you want to re-post it on another website, you have to givereferencesto your sources. It is not okay when you have the intention tocommercialize it- like you want to sell it. That would be illegal and going against copy right laws. It is also not allowed to copy full lyrics in university as any work has to show your skills not someone else's work. In most universitiesplagiarism can get a student expelled.

An extensive list of songs in the public domain (in the US) is linked below.

It's much harder to find public domain recordings, as the copyrights for sound recordings are especially convoluted.

Federal depository law guarantees access to government documents stored at more than 1200 depository libraries across the country.

Copyright law gives creators of works the exclusive right to copy, alter, distribute, or perform/display the work, or authorize others to do so.

"Foramina" is the plural form of "foramen", and a foramen is just a hole. The brain normally has several of these holes, or foramina in it, including the foramen of Magendie, foramina of Luschka, and foramina of Monroe. Which one are you talking about?

Trademarks are issued by the federal government of the country you're doing business in; in the US, it's the Patent and Trademark Office, which is within the Department of Commerce.