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Linux
A free and open-source family of operating systems first started in 1991 and named after its creator, Linus Torvalds.
2,239 Questions
What command in Linux do you use to mount a USB storage device?
Assuming you have mounted the USB device on /mount
- sudo umount /media
- sudo udisks --unmount /dev/device_name
If you wanna unmount and cut the power to the device
- sudo udisks --unmount /dev/device_name_with_number && udisks --detach /dev/device_name
ex: udisks --unmount /dev/sdb1 && udisks --detach /dev/sdb
Sudo command gives you admin (superuser) privileges if you are logged in as a standard user.
How do you share files between Linux and Windows?
You can type in smb//192.168.1.1/ into a file manager window (put the windows computers IP address in there though)
Which directories are most important on Linux?
/ The root directory. All other directories are under this one.
/boot The kernel image, bootloader, and are stored here.
/etc Many of Linux's configuration files, including kernel module configuration.
/bin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin Any of these "bin" directories will hold executable binaries (i.e. program commands).
/usr This holds most user applications, documentations, graphics, etc.
/lib, /usr/lib Important system libraries are stored here.
/root The system administrator's home directory.
/home All other home directories for all users are here. For example, a user's home directory might be /home/user.
/var Variable data, such as mail spools, log files, etc.
/tmp Temporary files created and used by applications.
/dev Devices are setup in this directory.
/mnt Mount points for filesystems, whether physical or virtual.
/proc This is a virtual directory which contains information about the kernel
/lost+found Files that might have been recovered after a bad shutdown or other event might show up in the lost and found.
How do you identify executable files in Linux?
Open a terminal, browse to the directory where the files are, and run the command "ls -l". On the left-most side there will read something that looks like -rwx-. "r" means readable, "w" means writable, and "x" means that the file is executable. If the "x" is not there, then the file is not executable.
Linux does not technically stand for anything. It's name was originally created as a shortened form of "Linus's Minix." As this is not really technically accurate, and Linux has grown far beyond Minix in popularity, the name stands as a word in its own right.
Windows is based upon unix or Linux?
Unix is no longer a single operating system, and as such no single company makes it. Historically, Unix was created by AT&T. Nowadays, operating system collectively referred to as "Unix" are created by companies such as Sun (Solaris), Hewlett-Packard (HP-UX), IBM (AIX), and Apple (Mac OS X).
How do you configure a Linux server?
There are many proxy server packages available; each has their own method of configuration. You need to be more specific as to the one you wish to configure.
What is the command used to compress a file in Linux?
The 'compress' command is normally supplied in all Unix and Linux distributions. The Gzip protocol is also very common, as is the original pkzip format.
7z is also used along with others, but those are the most popular.
Do users enter commands directly into the kernel of the Linux operating system?
No. In operating systems a user never interacts directly with the kernel.
The kernel is the core of the operating system. It's job is to maintain kernelspace and to facilitate process management, memory management, hardware access control, and interprocess communication. Not to mention provide a framework for device drivers and the hardware abstraction that results.
There's not only no direct line between the user and the kernel, there's absolutely no purpose in a user interacting with it. The kernel only gets "messages" from the user through system calls, which are made through low level libraries like glibc by userspace applications, not by the user.
Spooling refers to a process of transfering data by placing it in temporary working area where
another program may access it for processing at a later point in time. 'Spool ' can refer to the
action of a storage device that incorporates a physical spool or reel, such as tape drive.
For eg:- A printer can serve only one job at a time, several applications may wish to print their
output concurrently, without having their output mixed together. The operating system solves
this problem by intercepting all output to the printer. Each applications's output is Spooled
to a separate disk file. When an application finishes printing, the spooling system queues the
corresponding spool file for output to the printer. The spooling system copies the queued spool
files to the printer one at a time.
In some operating system, spooling is managed by a system daemon process. In other operating
systems, it is handled by an in-kennel thread.
In either case, the operating system provides a control interface that enables users and system
administrators to display the queue, to remove unwanted jobs before those jobs print to suspend
printing while the printer is serviced, and so on.
Some devices, such as tape drives and printers, cannot usefully multiplex the I/O requests of
multiple concurrent applications. Spooling is one way that operating systems can coordinate
concurrent output. Another way to deal with concurrent device access is to provide explicit
facilities for coordination.
Some operating systems (including VMS) provide support for exclusive device access, by
enabling a process to allocate an idle device, and to deallocate that device when it is no longer
needed. Other operating systems enforce a limit of one open file handle to such a device.
Many operating systems provide functions that enable processes to coordinate exclusive access
among themselves. For instance, Windows NT provides system calls to wait until a device
object becomes available. It also has a parameter to the open () system call that declares the
types of access to be permitted to other concurrent threads. On these systems, it is up to the
applications to avoid deadlock.
THE SPOOLING MECHANISM
The entire key to spooling is a synchronous processing, where the program is not constrained by
the speed of slow devices, particularly printers.
Printers are relatively slow peripherals. In comparison, disc devices and particularly CPU's
are orders of magnitude faster. Without spooling print data, the speed of program operation
is constrained by the slowest device, commonly printers, forcing the program to wait for the
mechanical motion of the printer, the program is known as "print bound'.
What is the purpose of a virtual machine running Linux?
The use of a Linux Virtual Machine is to run a copy of Linux on your current operation system. This will allow you to run various applications that only run on Linux.
How can you determine the size of a jpeg file?
You can usually try to find the file in your respective file browser, right click it and click on "Properties". Alternatively you can select it and press Alt + Enter. On most operating systems, this will pop up a window that tells you how large the file size is.
This is an operation that can be done on any file, not just a JPEG.
What is the use of PS command in Linux?
ps - report process status
ps gives a snapshot of the current processes. If you want a repetitive update of this status, use top. This man page documents the /proc-based version of ps, or tries to.
What is a zombie process in Linux?
A zombie process is one that should have closed, but is still active in the process table. This is usually caused when a parent process that spawned the process has not yet realized that it has completed, or wants to create another process of the same name without using the same process ID.
When a script file contains more than one command what each command must end with?
In general each command in a script file is on a separate line, so it is terminated with a line terminator character (put it automatically when you press the Enter key).
Unlike some programming languages, a script file does not need a special terminator for the end of the line.
What does therapeutic touch do?
The TT session generally lasts about 20-30 minutes. Although the name is therapeutic touch, there is generally no touching of the physical body, only the energetic body or field. It is usually performed on fully clothed patients who are.
What is the difference between a Unix or Linux shell and X-Windows?
Unix is the name of both a general specification for an operating system to meet, and the first system to meet that specification. Xenix is an implementation made by Microsoft in the late 1980s that met the Unix specification.
What does mount command do in Linux?
The 'mount' command with no options will list out all of the mounted filesystems currently in use and their 'mount' options.
This command is used by the administrator to make available partitions that are currently offline.
Where is the linux kernel located?
the compiled kernel should be in the /boot/ directory. if you have the source, that should be at /usr/src
How do you open .lit files in Linux?
There is a program known as "calibre" that should be capable of opening and reading non-DRM.lit files. There is also a command-line utility in most repositories known as "convlit" that can convert them to HTML files.
please give me a further explanation about utilities, its importance and significance.
what is the role of suseconfig is suse os configuration
How do you boot Linux with Windows?
There are actually quite a few methods from which you could get a Linux system going from Windows. These are:
1. Use a virtual machine.
A virtual machine allows you to run an operating system inside of a window on top of another system. This offers good performance for non-gaming applications, and is usually the most popular option. Programs to accomplish this include VirtualBox (free), VirtualPC (free, but refuses to work on certain editions of Windows), VMWare ($$$), and Parallels Workstation ($$$).
2. Use an emulator.
Probably the slowest method. Bochs and QEMU can be used for this purpose. However, they are not very user friendly. Depending on your computer, the operating system will typically run at 1/3 to 1/2 of the expected speed.
3. Launch the program from DOS
In Windows 95, 98, and possibly ME, you can use Loadlin. Loadlin is a program to launch Linux from DOS. what you would do is create a batch file to launch Loadlin with it's appropriate parameters, and tell Windows to exit to DOS to launch this program.
4. Use coLinux to run cooperatively with Windows.
This is by far the strangest method, and not recommeded for new users. It uses a modified kernel that works with the Windows NT kernel to share resources. After it is launched,you have to use additional tools like PuTTy and Xming to launch applications. Worth trying, but due to other, easier methods existing, it's not the best option under most circumstances.
How many operating systems are there?
There have been 6 major versions. As of the time of this writing, the current stable release is Windows 7 (however, note that the internal version number is actually NT 6.1). Windows 8 (version NT 6.2) is currently in development.
For most major versions, there have been a few "minor" versions. This was evident in the name up to Windows 3.x. However, commercial branding has made the less evident since the introduction of Windows 95, which shared the same major version number (which was 4.x) with Windows 98 and Windows Me, for example. Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 all were version NT 5.x. And finally, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows Server 2008 are all version NT 6.x.
To complicate things a little further, Microsoft started developing Windows NT, geared more toward business users, alongside the main line of Windows versions. This began with the initial release of Windows NT 3.1 in 1993. The Windows NT line was merged into (or, perhaps more properly, transformed into) the main line of Windows releases beginning with NT 5.1, also known as Windows XP. This was the first version of Windows NT to feature both Home and Professional editions, making it successor to both Windows 2000 (business oriented) and Windows Me (consumer oriented).
