Linux

They have different models of interprocess communication.

In Windows, processes generally communicate to each other by sending "messages". These messages can carry some data.

In Linux processes can communicate in a number of ways:

* Sending Signals to each other (used for simple signalling, the signals do not carry data). * Using files and network sockets, which allows two-way communication between processes, but involves more programming overhead. * Other IPC (interprocess communication) methods such as System-V message queues, semaphores, and shared memory.

pwd

/bin/ - Binary for all users

/dev/ - Device files

/ect/ - Mounted file systems

/lib/ - Program library

/sbin/ - System Admin Binary

xhost is server access control program for X.

xhost + means is Access is granted to everyone

You really need to define your terms better. "Talk" I can sort of figure out, but "in a crossover" is a mystery, unless you're talking about a crossover cable. A crossover cable is just a regular UTP ethernet cable with two pairs of wires swapped ("crossed over") in the middle, allowing two devices with 10/100-Base T ports to communicate directly without using a hub or router.

The operating system has pretty much nothing to do with it, other than that both of them need to support the same communications protocol. Anything that uses standard "TCP/IP" protocol meets this requirement.

Yes, they are the interface to kernel functionality. To quote wikipedia: a system call is how a program requests a service from an operating system's kernel that it does not normally have permission to run

cat command concatenates files and prints on the standard output.

1. If you specify only one file it will just display that file

2. If you specify multiple files they will be displayed one after the other.

The root directory is the top level directory of the entire file system. Every branch starts from there.

The current working directory is where you happen to be in the tree at the moment. If the root is always "/" and my process is in the directory /usr/local/bin/test/data, then the root directory is still "/" and my working directory is currently /usr/local/bin/test/data

To upgrade your Linux kernel / compile a newer version, you would need:

1. A working copy of GCC supported by the kernel version.. The latest GCC and the latest kernel version should be fine.

2. Preferably either the ncurses or GTK development libraries. It is possible to configure the kernel without these, but you either need a previous configuration or a lot of patience using the old question/answer configuration script.

3. Enough free space on your computer for the kernel sources. 100 MB should be fine; this isn't really an issue on modern computers.

4. A competent understanding of what components are needed for your computer. Most of the device support should be easy, but many people get confused in the networking section.

I assume by 'outgoing letter' you mean an email? If so, then a copy of the email can be found in the Sent folder, found below Inbox.

see man ls:

-t : sort by modification time

what are some of the tasks that can be done with the lunax conf tool?.

A C compiler.

In "bash" shell it can be achieved with command "read"

#!/bin/bash

echo "Hi There, what is your name?"

read name

echo $name

The central module of an operating system. It is the part of the operating system that loads first, and it remains in main memory. Because it stays in memory, it is important for the kernel to be as small as possible while still providing all the essential services required by other parts of the operating system and applications. Typically, the kernel is responsible for memory management, process and task management, and disk management. The definition of kernel is "the portion of an OS (Operating System) that is responsible for interacting with the hardware. It is the operating system software that runs in kernel mode on the computer's processor and which provides low-level intelligence for the operating system. In other words, the kernel is the "heart" of an operating system.

apachectl start

will do the job !

In Linux the man command displays the help(man page) for a command.

man fdisk is "display the man page for command fdisk"

The 'pipe' symbol connects the output of one command to the input of another (|)

Tux the penguin.

Daemon.

blah blah blah

A LiveCD is a bootable CD that provides a fully functional operating system with no need for installation.

The command pwd displays your current/present working directory.

It depends on what filesystems your distro has available and can support.

The basic mkfs will make you a EXT-based filesystem.

However, mkdosfs (linked to mkfs.vfat) will make FAT filesystems.

For those systems with NTFS support, mkfs.ntfs is also available.

When two processes sharing a common variable try to update it simultaneously, one cannot predict the output of it, this is the race condition.A thread while updating the variable can be preempted by another thread and update it differently .This is why Synchronization mechanisms are used.


Ex:

X=5



Process 1: X=X+1
Process 2: X=X+2


Machine code is





LOAD EAX,MEMORY_X

ADD EAX , 1
MOV MEMORY_X,EAX


While process1 is executing second line it could be preempted ..And process2 takes turn so , MEMORY_X contains value 7,.Now Process1 comes back and starts the remaining lines of code .The memory then contains value 6.
Which is the final answer. But we should have got a value of 8 instead