Microprocessors

the 8087 is a numeric data processor(NDP) it is basically made to work with 8086/8088 processors.it cannot fetch its instruction by own so its buses(address and data buses)are simply connected to the respective buses of the processor.its instruction are recognized by the word F because each and every instruction of this coprocessor starts with the word F.this is how the min processor distinguishes between its own and the coprocessor instructions.(eg):-FADD,FSUB,etc.this coprocessor has 8-registers eacch capable of storing 80-bit temporary real numbers. the BUSY pin of the coprocessor is connected to the main processor's TEST pin.this TEST pin is active low in nature.this is because the speed of operation of the coprocessor and the main processor is different. the need of this coprocessor is because the calculation speed of maths operations containing floating real numbers is very fast than the processors like 8086/8088.during the execution of the program if the processor encounters the instruction starting with F word(11011)then it simply gives control to the 8087.initially the coprocessor is initialized by loading it with the control word which gives the idea to the 8087 that which exceptions are to be ignored.usually after the calculations the status word of the coprocessor is loaded to see which errors hve occurred.

These values are incomparable.

GB = GigaByte = 1,073,741,824 Bytes

GHz = GigaHertz = 1,000,000,000 Hertz

GB is a measure of storage space, while GHz is a measure of frequency.

microprocessor's speed is determined by its clock rate. is normally determined by the frequency of an oscillator crystal . Typically a crystal oscillator produces a fixed sinusoidal waveform.

Cpu is made of an arithmetic and logic unit(alu) as well as control unit(cu).ALU performs all the arithmatic and logical functions whereas control unit holds the control that is decides the flow of control.Moreover, CPU contains various registers for storing information and data during processing

two thousand bits No, there are 8 bits in a byte.

Temperature regulation of a processor is a very critical issue. Generally, the faster a CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor - a specific way of manufacturing transistors/chips) processor is clocked, the more power it draws. The more power it draws, the more waste heat it produces. The hotter the device gets, the higher the internal resistance, the more heat is produced (see the vicious cycle?)

There are several basic mechanisms for cooling a processor (or any chip for that matter):

(1) ambient air - the surface area of the chip touching both the room-temperature air combined with the heat being absorbed and distributed by the circuit board. This works well for low-power devices which aren't clocked especially quickly.

(2) radiated ambient air - this is basically a chunk of metal (usually aluminium) which absorbs the heat from the chip by direct contact and has a lot of surface area in which to dissipate the heat to the air. This is often used in conjunction with a fan.

(3) forced air - a fan either blows across the entire board, or is mounted directly to the chip.

(4) liquid cooling - here's where you get serious (and more costly) - a pump circulates a coolant over the chip and from the chip the heat picked up in the liquid is radiated out to the atmosphere. The basic components are the heat exchanger (radiator - usually a series of thin copper or aluminum plates), a pump, and the heat pick-up coil which sits on top of the chip.

(5) liquid cooling part two - instead of using a "normal" liquid to circulate, a compressed gas (such a nitrogen) is compressed into a liquid form and either sprayed or circulated over the offending part. This is typically only used for very, very high end experimental processors as it is pretty expensive to run continuously.

The ALU (Arithmetic-Logic Unit) is generally a subsection of the CPU (Central Processing Unit). While the CPU is the master driver of a computer, the ALU is a processing area optimized to handle mathematical computations and logic comparisons. The processor controller passes operation codes and operands to the ALU, which performs the requested operation on the supplied data and passes back the results.

x86 is a generic term referring to the "instruction set" of the most successful CPU "architecture". The architecture is defined as how the CPU arranges and uses resources such as RAM and I/O. Intel invented the x86 architecture, and AMD, VIA, Cyrix and others have manufactured chips compatible with x86.

CPU's read bytes from RAM as instructions and do stuff based on that data, this is how programming ultimately works. All computer languages eventually have to be translated into this data, called machine language. A byte is a number 0-255, and the set of byte values and their corresponding instructions forms the instruction set. There are many different types of CPUs that adhere to a specific philosophy, and therefore each major type of CPU has its own instruction set that is not compatible with a different CPU. Other types of instruction sets include MIPS, PPC, ARM, 6502, Z80, 68000, and others. The two main types of philosophies are CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing). CISC packs more "power" into each instruction but requires the CPU to be slower and more complicated, RISC makes each instruction do less but makes the CPU cheaper and faster. x86 is a CISC CPU (as were most in the late 70's/early 80's when x86 was born) with RISC extensions. x86 as a name comes from Intel's numerical designation various chips in the architecture. It begins with the 8086, and then 80286, 80386, 80486, and onward through the Pentium chips, Core line and beyond (often called "686" chips even though they no longer have numbers).

To summarize, x86 is a term referring to the way that the CPU in the common PC was built and how it functions.

system on a chip

Suppose we give a 8-bit instruction ADD B to the microprocessor

then this instruction is not at all understood by microprocessor as it only accepts binary inputs

so first of all it stores the instruction in the INSTRUCTION REGISTOR

then it decodes this instruction ADD B to its suitable binary code 80H in the INSTRUCTION DECODER.. after converting to 80H then the microprocessor understands that ..

yes i have to add the content of the resistor B with that of A(accumulator) and store the result in the accumulator A

this is a small example how microprocessor operates facing the instructions

The "GHz" rating specifies the clock speed, or frequency, at which a processor operates. Generally, a processor with a higher clock speed will make for a faster computer. If the processors are from the same brand and family (e.g. Intel Core 2 or AMD Phenom II), The 2.13 GHz processor will be slightly faster. Take note that if the processors are not of the same brand (Intel vs. AMD) or of the same family (Intel Core 2 vs. Intel Celeron), then the clock speed (GHz) becomes less relevent and may not be the best rating for speed. For Intel, the best processors are Core 2 Quad or Core 2 Duo, followed by Pentium D, Celeron D, and Atom, from best to worst. For AMD, the list goes like this: Phenom II (only available for desktops), Turion (only available for notebooks), Athlon 64, and Sempron. Bottom line: Iif the processors you are looking at are of the same type, there will be very little difference between 2.0 and 2.13GHz processors. The 2.13 would be just a bit faster. If they are not of the same type, the difference will be greater.

CPU- Central Processing Unit

Larger the size is better but it is hard to know how much better. Read/Write latency (time) is also an important factor for performance.

The answer is at best a moving target; the average six months from now will almost certainly be different. Also, "average" how, and over what population? All laptops still in use? All laptops currently being sold? All laptops currently being manufactured? Do underpowered "netbooks" count? The question is so vague as to be effectively meaningless.

it checks for errors or defects on your hard drive and tells the computer not to write there anymore

CPU protection is one who protect the CPU. and the one who destroy the CPU also is the one who protect the CPU and the one who destroy the CPU is the one who protect the CPU and the one who destroy the CPU is the who protect the CPU and the one who destroy the CPU is the one who protect the CPU and the one who destroy the CPU is the who protect the CPU and the one who destroy the CPU is the one who protect the CPU and the one who destroy the CPU is the one who protect the CPU.

Addressing modes of 8051 are

1.Immediate Addressing Mode

2.Register Addressing Mode

3.Register Indirect Addressing Mode

4.Direct Addressing Mode

5.Implied Addressing Mode and

6.Relative Addressing Mode

Hyper-Threading is a technology used by some Intel microprocessors that allows a single microprocessor to act like two separate processors to the operating system and the application programs that use it.

Hyper-Threading Technology (HT Technology) is the brand under which Intel markets a generation of processors that can increase efficiency by improving multi-task processing, and are ideal in multi-threaded environments.

Intel Processor Comparison depends on your Ram and hard disk storage. It also allows you to browse the internet, chat online, share and edit photos and videos, online games, and much more

Depends on the application. If you are doing alot of multitasking (running many programs at once) then a multi-core will be a good option. CPU clock speed is relative in this because it is common knowledge that a good dual core processor can outperform quad cores in gaming at times. This is because most games out now do not utilize the 4 cores. So in conclusion it really depends on what you want to do. For gaming, a dual core is a good option, for heavy multitasking a 4 core may be good for you.

Flags are microprocessor dependent. ie flags are different for different microprocessors. Flag represents the status ( & Type) of the operation performed.

Ex: In terms of 8085 we have 5 flags : Zero, Carry, Ac Carry, Parity, Sign

Flag register is of 8 bits in this case.

These flags can also be used for logic implementation.