Microprocessors

Measurements of Internal Microprocessor Speed:

Clock Frequency: How many computational "Clock Cycles" a processor can perform per second. This number is almost always measured in a Hz value, and in modern times a Gigahertz value, or GHz

IPC: Instructions per Clock. How many instructions a processor can compute per Clock Cycle. This is more important for real-world speed than the Clock Frequency, as a processor with 20 IPC at 2GHz is just as fast, or even faster than a 10 IPC at 4GHz processor. This is due to Branch Prediction errors, cache delay, and the fact the processor does twice the calculations per cycle.

FLOPS- Floating Point Operations Per Second. These are processor operations that are a bit more complex than Instructions, but still fairly simple. A processor's FLOP count is measured in an effort to put a number on the processor's "Real World" performance-- in a better light than Frequency and IPC. In today's world, you may hear these called Giga-Flops or Tera-Flops, just like the Gigahertz mentioned above.

There are other, smaller things, such as cycles lost per prediction / instruction error, internal latency, cache, speed, and the sort, but they typically show up in one or all of the above mentioned measurements.

This question could mean a large number of things.

1. Full form of "CPU" - Central Processing unit

2. Full 'form' of CPU - A highly complex composition of transistors arranged intelligently in order to carry out a large number of individual tasks, ranging from performing calculations to storing data.

3. Full form of CPU - Small square with hundreds of small golden pins on the bottom with a thin green band of silicon along the middle. The top is typically covered with a thick metal shielding / thermal plate, with emblems and information etched into the top.

The fans usually connect to the motherboard, but they can connect directly to the power supply unit.

The processor size or speed does not determine how much RAM your system needs. Generally speaking, the newer the system, the more RAM you can add. The amount of RAM slots on a motherboard and the motherboard's own subsystem (the BIOS) will determine how much RAM you can add to a particular motherboard.

I'm not quite certain what you're asking, but three versions of the 8085 processor were released; 3, 5 and 6 MHz.

The address bus is used by the processor in a computer to locate a piece of data from the RAM (Random Access Memory) that it needs to access. No real data is carried via the address bus, as this is the job of the Data Bus.

The pieces of data that the address bus locates are called "addresses" and the address bus transfers "data addresses" to and from the control unit.

ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT

Anand bhat(mca@kiit-870024)

the 8085 microprocessor is a 8-bit microprocessor and these are bidirectional but the address lines are unidirectional.these address lines are used to address the location of the instruction in memory .these data lines are used to transfer data between processor and peripheral devices. when the address of the instruction will be recognized by the address lines the data will be send to the processor

therefore the 16 address lines are not act as a data lines in 8085

The two major manufacturers of processors are Intel and AMD

Ted hughes was the first person who designed microprocessors.

In 1971 Ted hughes make first microprocessor for intel.

The name of the first microprocessor was:

Intel-4004.

It contains lacs of electronic circuits.

Superscalar

Page 262 in Operating Sysetm Book

It has several names. The correct phrase is the 'CPU' or 'Central Processing Unit', sometimes called Processor for short.

It is NOT correct to call the entire computer chassis/case/tower (the big box thing, without monitor, keyboard, etc.) a CPU, or Processor, because the chassis/case/tower typically contains at least two processors and may have more than one dozen.

The CPU is the main processor, which is what you hear whenever someone talks about Intel and AMD, 'Gigahertz', 'Cores' and such. It's the most integral part of a system's function. Without it, NOTHING works.

the registers

Smartphone, 200mhz - 1200 mhz

Tablet, 500 mhz - 1600 mhz

Netbook, 1.2 ghz - 1.8 ghz

Notebook, 1.8 ghz - 2.9 ghz

Multimedia/Gaming Laptop, 2.5 ghz - 3.5 ghz

Budget/All in One Desktop, 2.4 ghz - 3, ghz

Gaming Desktop, 3.5 ghz - 5 ghz+

The advantages are that a simpler instruction set found in a RISC processor are easier for compilers to write programs in, as well as the simple design of the processor that is allowed to result from this simple instruction set. In the past, CISC processors were used when people had to program in the assembly language of the processor itself. These processors had many different instructions that could perform complicated operations with one instruction, making the assembly programmers life easier. Eventually, we wrote programs called compilers which converted high level languages, such as C, into these assembly instructions. As C is much easier to program in than assembly language, this made our lives even easier. Unfortunately, it was found that it was difficult to program a compiler in such a way that it could realise when these complicated instructions offered by the CISC processor would be useful. This, in addition to the fact that some complicated instructions were actually slower than a series of simple instructions that performed the same task, meant that it was easier to write compilers that only used the simple instructions. By cutting out the complicated instructions, simpler processor designs could be used, and this is, in essence, what a RISC processor is. Of course, the most popular desktop architecture today, x86, is a CISC processor, but this was a case of people unwilling to change to a different instruction set. Ultimately, modern processors which use the x86 architecture actually convert the CISC instructions of the architecture into a simpler RISC-like series of instructions, before being executed on the processor. So, to sum up: + simpler processor design + simpler instruction set + easier for compilers to write programs for

it is arround 0.30 GB

remember 1012 KB=1 MB and 1012 MB=1GB

dont cheat on your exam

Absolutely not. In fact, it's often largely irrelevent!

Pentium4 at 3.4 GHz is actually less than 1/4 the power of an Intel i7 at 2.2 GHz, for example.

Many different things dictate the speed of a processor. The frequency (or clock speed) is only one of these- Two identical processors, one 2.2 and one 2.4 GHz, the 2.4 GHz will be slightly faster. But make any other changes and the formula is different.

Generally, the biggest impact is the number of CPU cores the processor has. Each core is effectively an individual CPU on the processor. So a dual-core is effectively 2 CPUs, compared to a single-core. And thus roughly twice the power.

Secondly is the frontside bus. This is the speed at which the CPU can communicate with other components of the computer. A slow FSB will cause the CPU to have trouble keeping up with other devices, such as RAM.

Thirdly is the CPU Cache. The more L1, L2, and L3 cache you have, the better. Although there are some exceptions, it's a fair general rule.

Fourthly are instruction sets. Newer CPUs have more instruction sets, such as SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4, and so on. Newer instruction sets allow the same CPU to do the same work in less time, with less effort and resources.

Fifthly is the construction technique. CPUs constructed in smaller scales (such as 45nm versus 65nm) are able to fit more in the same space, and also have less physical distance between CPU components, thus increasing it's response time.

Other factors also are involved, such as if it's 64-bit or 32-bit. However it should be noted that unsimilar CPUs CANNOT BE COMPARED based on their configuration. IE, an IBM CPU cannot be compared to an Intel x86 CPU, because they work fundamentally different. This is why consoles and PCs act so differently on their capabilities.

TEST This input is examined by a 'WAIT' instruction. If the TEST input goes low,

execution will continue, else, the processor remains in an idle state. The input is

synchronized internally during each clock cycle on leading edge of clock.

If it is the cheap sonix webcam (from eBuyer etc.) 6029 CIF XP driver that you need then search for "COMS_CH_XP_060928.zip". I got a good copy from "opendrivers". I have a copy of this zip file if you want: tonyatnajac.co.uk

Underneath the hood, the camera appears to be an asus cam (at least according to Windows XP Control Panel). Note that the "6029 CIF" links from many driver download sites eventually lead to downloading a setup.exe, supposedly for 6029 CIF but that didn't seem to work, installing AMCAP software instead.

Socket 7 is used by the following processors:

* Intel Pentium (75 MHz to 200 MHz) * Intel Pentium MMX (166 MHz to 233 MHz) * AMD K5 (75 MHz to 133 MHz) * AMD K6 (166 MHz to 300 MHz) * AMD K6-2 (233 MHz to 550 MHz) * AMD K6-III (350 MHz to 500 MHz) * WinChip (180 MHz to 250 MHz) * Cyrix 6x86 (100 MHz to 233 MHz) Note that most Socket 5 processors can also be used on a Socket 7 motherboard.

No. The number of cores don't necessarily correlate with practical speed. The efficient operation of both cores depends on the operating system and the software you use. For single-threaded tasks, a faster clock speed would help you more than additional cores.

Your data busses sends information from component to component i.e. your FSB (front side bus)/system bus/internal bus communicates between your CPU and RAM, the faster it runs, the faster information is moved between your RAM and CPU giving your CPU quicker access to that data.