Nerves

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Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form interconnected circuits within the central nervous system. They are thus crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They provide the means through which the nervous system connects to and controls the other systems of the body, for example the specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction. The adult human brain has been estimated to contain from 1014 to 5 × 1014 (100-500 trillion) synapses.[citation needed] The word "synapse" comes from "synaptein", which Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and colleagues coined from the Greek "syn-" ("together") and "haptein" ("to clasp"). Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses exist as well. Without a qualifier, however, "synapse" commonly refers to a chemical synapse. Wikipedia

Yes, dendrites are extensions of nerve cells that receive signals from other nerve cells. Sensory neurons, which carry sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system, have dendrites that receive stimuli from the environment and transmit them as electrical impulses to the cell body.

When the action potential (electrochemical signal) reaches the end of the nerve, calcium channels open, causing synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters to bind with the neuronal membrane. When this happens, the neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft (process is called exocytosis). Once in the synaptic cleft, they can bind with postsynaptic neuron or muscle cell receptors.

i think the activitity of neoron is to pass the the information from one neuron to another neuron throuh electric signals and lastly it changes in to chemical when it reaches to the another neuron.

An electrial nerve impulse travels across a synapse by diffusion. The neurotransmitter substance from the pre-synaptic cleft travels across the synapse via diffusion. This is then received by receptors in the post synaptic cleft

The stimulus that travels from the motor neuron to skeletal muscle is an electrical signal called an action potential. This action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters, specifically acetylcholine, which then stimulates muscle contraction.

Yes, the resting membrane potential is largely determined by the concentration gradient of potassium ions (K+) inside the cell. This is due to the high permeability of the cell membrane to K+ ions, which allows them to move down their concentration gradient, establishing the negative resting potential.

A neuron will have an action potential if the stimuli it receives are strong enough to reach its threshold level. Once the threshold is reached, voltage-gated channels open, allowing an influx of sodium ions which triggers depolarization and leads to the generation of an action potential.

The nerve cell protective sheath, called myelin, insulates and protects the nerve cells. It helps in the speedy transmission of electrical signals along the nerve fibers. Damage to the myelin sheath can result in disruption of nerve signal transmission and lead to neurological problems.

Synapses are important because they enable signal transmission in the body. These signals are the nerve impulses, which go across and between neurons. This process occurs in the synaptic cleft of the central nervous system.

The chemical stimuli in the body are converted into electrical impulses when some sensory input system in the body is triggered. This can be a visual sense like the eyes, or a aural sense like the ears. The chemical stimuli gets converted into potential energy and converted.

When neurons fire and transmit messages, they generate electrical signals known as action potentials that travel along their length. These action potentials trigger the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse, allowing communication with other neurons or target cells. This process underlies the function of the nervous system and is essential for various physiological processes such as sensation, movement, and cognition.

In most animals, axons and dendrites are clustered into bundles of fibers called nerves or nerve fibers. These fibers are responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body, allowing for communication between different parts of the nervous system.

Neurons wrapped in a fatty membrane are called myelinated neurons. The fatty substance that wraps around the neuron is called myelin, and it helps to insulate and speed up the transmission of electrical impulses along the neuron's axon. Myelinated neurons are found in the central and peripheral nervous system.

Relay neurons, also known as interneurons, transmit signals between sensory neurons and motor neurons in the central nervous system. They play a key role in integrating and interpreting sensory information before sending signals to motor neurons for response or further processing. Relay neurons help coordinate complex behaviors and responses in the body.

Specialized cells that are the building blocks of the nervous system are called neurons. Neurons are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body via electrical and chemical signals. They are essential for functions such as sensing, thinking, and controlling movement.

If the axolemma becomes more permeable to potassium ions, it can lead to an increase in the efflux of potassium ions from the axon. This efflux of potassium ions could potentially cause hyperpolarization of the axon, making it more difficult to generate an action potential and conduct electrical signals.

When a neuron does not fire, it fails to transmit electrical impulses to other neurons. This can disrupt communication within the brain and hinder the relay of information for various functions such as movement, sensation, or cognition. Inability of neurons to fire can lead to impaired neural signaling and impact overall brain function.

An action potential is generated at the axon hillock of a neuron, which is the region where the cell body (soma) transitions into the axon. This is where the concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels is highest, allowing for the initiation of the action potential.

Kind of. Each neurone can have thousands of inputs from other neurones arriving at the same time. It all depends on the types of signal arriving from the other neurones.

There are 2 types of incoming signal;

1. Excitatory Post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) - These inputs depolarise the neurone (bring the negative voltage of the neurone closer to 0mV).

2.Inhibitory Post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) - These inputs hyperpolarise the cell (make the neurone voltage more negative).

Some of the inputs coming to the neurone will be EPSPs, some IPSPs. If all the inputs come in and there are more EPSPs then the neurone will depolarise. If the neurone depolarises to the firing threshold (around -40mV) then an action potential will be propagated and the neurone will transmit the message to the next neurone in the chain.

If the majority of the inputs are IPSPs then the neurone will hyperpolarise and will not fire.

If there are more EPSPs than IPSPs but the neurone still doesn't depolarise enough to reach the firing threshold then the neurone will not fire.

Interneurons are the neurons in the center of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory neurons and then communicate this information to the motor neurons. They are responsible for processing and integrating the sensory input before sending signals to the motor neurons for appropriate responses.

Tonic refers to a slow, continuous action. When referenced to tonically active neurons, it is regarded as a continuous firing/discharging at the synapse. Continuous action potentials produced from a neuron qualify it as a tonically active neuron. A great example is fixation neurons in the frontal eye fields and the superior colliculus; when staring directly at a que, these neurons are continuously firing (tonically active), when gaze is diverted from this fixation point during a saccadic eye movement, firing in these neurons show little or no activity. When the short saccade stops, these neurons become tonically active once again (firing consistently.

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