Nuclear Physics

7N14 is the product of beta- decay of 6C14.

Remember, beta- decay involves changing a neutron into a proton, with the emission of an electron and an electron antineutrino. The W- boson is an intermediate product of the changing of a down quark to an up quark that is represented by the change of a neutron into a proton, which then decays into the electron and electron antineutrino pair..

In a nutshell, with beta- decay, atomic number goes up by one, and atomic mass number stays the same.

The repulsive force between proton-proton pairs inside the nucleus is called the electrostatic repulsion force. This force arises due to the positively charged protons within the nucleus experiencing mutual repulsion because they all have the same charge.

Neutrons are neutral particles as they do not carry any electrical charge. This makes them unique compared to protons, which are positively charged, and electrons, which are negatively charged.

Diffraction is the spreading of waves that pass through a narrow opening or move past an obstacle ,whereas, interference is the phenomenon of redistribution of light in a medium as a result of light waves from two coherent sources.

Since there is more mass in the uranium nucleus, there would be a proportionally stronger gravitational force in the uranium nucleus. However, the gravitational force is the weakest force, and it is followed in scale by the weak atomic force, the electromagnetic force, and the strong atomic force, which are many orders of magnitude greater, so, in effect, the gravitational force does not even count in the vicinity of the nucleus.

Generally, water molecules when irradiated, do ionize into oxygen and hydrogen. There are hydrogen recombiners in the system to protect the reactor from the possibility of hydrogen explosions.

Generally, water does not become radioactive. It only ionizes. But, in the core of the reactor, where there is a heavy flux of neutrons, the oxygen atoms can "activate" into Nitrogen-16, which is highly radioactive, though with a very short half-life of about 7.13 seconds. This is why the steam tunnel of a BWR is highly shielded and quite long - giving the 16N a chance to decay.

When working around nuclear reactors, it's important to wear appropriate protective clothing such as coveralls, gloves, and safety goggles to prevent exposure to radiation or hazardous materials. Specialized gear like dosimeters to measure radiation levels may also be necessary. Follow all safety protocols and guidelines provided by the facility.

Fission (atom splitting) nuclear reactors are used on ships, on land, and in space satellites, because they provide a lot of continuous energy for a very long time, from a small amount of material. A pound of fissionable material will last much long than tons of coal, or gallons of oil.

Except for a few minutes, Fusion (the joining of atoms) does not work unless in a star or an atomic bomb.

The half-life of 27Co60 is about 5.27 years. 15.8 years is 3 half-lives, so 0.53 or 0.125 of the original sample of 16 g will remain, that being 2 g.

No. The heat from the reactor is used to boil water. The steam from said water is used to turn turbines which produces electricity.

No, there is no combustion in a nuclear reactor. Nuclear energy does not need combustion to start it, there is no chemical process involved. It works simply by a neutron chain reaction.

The mass per nucleon decreases when uranium is split into smaller nuclei through fission. This is because energy is released during the fission process, leading to a conversion of mass to energy based on Einstein's equation (E=mc^2).

Alpha decay is the type of radioactive decay in which positive particles, specifically alpha particles, are emitted. These alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together, giving them a positive charge.

Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 87.7 years and is used as a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, while plutonium-240 has a half-life of 6,560 years and is generated as a byproduct in nuclear reactors. Plutonium-238 is highly radioactive and useful for power generation in space missions, while plutonium-240 is less desirable due to its high rate of spontaneous fission, which can complicate nuclear weapon design.

Before Rutherford, scientists assumed that the atom was a single particle. Rutherford presented his revolutionary, physical atomic model that suggested an atom consists of a central charge (the term 'nucleus' was coined after Rutherford's model was presented) that is surrounded, presumably, by a cloud of orbiting electrons. He showed that most of an atom's mass was located in the atom's nucleus.

Rutherford's model was later improved upon by Niels Bohr, father of the Bohr-model. Rutherford made no connection to an element's atomic number and the number of protons within an atom's nucleus; however, his atomic model paved the way for the discovery of this correlation only a couple years after his model was designed.

When uranium radiates alpha particles, it transforms into thorium. Thorium is a radioactive element that is produced as a result of the decay of uranium through alpha emission.

Ordinary water is not radioactive, so it has no half-life.

Seek shelter immediately in a building made of concrete or underground, as this can help reduce exposure. Remove contaminated clothing and wash your body using soap and water to remove radioactive particles. Follow any instructions or evacuation orders given by authorities.

The cold fusion theory is controversial because it proposes a way to generate energy by fusing atoms at room temperature, contradicting traditional fusion theory. Many scientists are skeptical of cold fusion due to the lack of consistent, reproducible experimental results and the failure to explain the underlying mechanism adequately. The initial claim of cold fusion in 1989 was met with skepticism and debate in the scientific community, contributing to its controversial status.

Einsteinium is used only in nuclear physics laboratories: for the preparation of mendelevium (and possible other super-heavy elements), calibration of an alpha spectrometer mounted on a lunar probe, etc.

Aluminium-26 and carbon-14 are disintegrated by emission of beta radiation.

You'd have to specify the isotope of thorium for us to definitively identify the isotope produced. A thorium atom that undergoes alpha decay will become a radium atom. However, we can't identify the specific isotope of radium without knowing the number of neutrons in the original thorium atom.

EM radiation is essentially high energy light, with wavelengths ranging from 10 nanometers low energy x rays to 10 picometers high energy gamma rays. Beta radiation refers to high speed electrons while an alpha ray is a high speed proton.