Nuclear Physics

The number at the top of the box is the atomic number, which represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The number at the bottom of the box is the atomic mass, which is the weighted average mass of an atom of that element based on the relative abundance of its isotopes.

The group of scientists who claimed they had achieved cold fusion was discredited and their results could not be replicated by other researchers. This incident damaged their reputation in the scientific community and their claims were dismissed as not being credible.

When you add energy to a substance in the form of heat, the energy is used to increase the motion of its particles. The more heat energy you add, the higher the temperature of the substance is, and the more the particles move around (vibrate, rotate, translate).

In a solid, the particles have a relatively low amount of stored energy, and are arranged pretty close together in some kind of ordered fashion. As you add more heat and the temperature increases, the particles vibrate in place more and more, transferring this energy to one another as the collide.

At some point, you may add enough energy so that the particles move enough to escape the forces keeping them together (mainly attractive forces between the particles). Escaped particles will then likely form a liquid, able to move around much more freely. Think ice melting into liquid water. These liquid particles can move around and rotate, bumping into one another. They are still fairly tightly packed, and the density of the substance is still quite high.

If you keep adding heat and increasing the temperature of the liquid, the particles may have enough energy to move so fast that they can overcome the atmospheric pressure and change into a gas. Think liquid water boiling into water vapour (steam). These gas particles are now fairly far apart from one another (meaning a lower density substance), and move very quickly around in space. Their motion is pretty random, and it is these many random collisions that exerts pressure on surrounding surfaces. When you blow up a balloon, for example, it is the air particles constantly bumping into the inside of the balloon that keep it inflated.

A radioactive decay curve is not a smooth curve because radioactive decay events are random and occur at discrete times rather than continuously. This randomness causes the curve to have fluctuations and jagged edges, giving it a non-smooth appearance.

Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons, essentially a helium-4 nucleus. This structure gives them a positive charge and relatively high momentum, making them a form of ionizing radiation.

In the uranium series, 4n + 2 represents the decay process of uranium-238 (238U) where it undergoes alpha decay to form thorium-234 (234Th) by emitting an alpha particle. The equation indicates that for every 1 decay of uranium-238, 1 thorium-234 and 2 alpha particles are produced.

Not necessarily. Ferromagnetic materials can be conductors, semiconductors, or insulators depending on their specific composition and structure. Magnetic properties and electrical conductivity are independent characteristics of a material.

Photons behave more like a wave when they exhibit phenomena such as interference and diffraction, which are characteristics of wave behavior. This is evident in experiments like the double-slit experiment where photons create an interference pattern when passed through two slits.

The atom with 14 protons is silicon (Si), so the answer is 2) b Si.

In finance, a beta number measures the volatility or risk of a stock relative to the overall market. A beta greater than 1 indicates that the stock is more volatile than the market, while a beta less than 1 suggests the stock is less volatile. It helps investors assess the potential risk and return of a particular investment.

To preserve the conservation of; energy, momentum, and angular momentum in beta plus decay. Without the neutrino there is a measurable difference between the energy, momentum, and angular momentum of the initial and final particle. The neutrino rectifies this difference and it's existence was actually postulated before it was ever discovered!

(Exracted from the wikipedia page] A flame is the product of a highly exothermic reaction (for example, combustion, a self-sustaining oxidation reaction). In other words, it is the visible (light-emitting) part of a fire. Physically, a flame is made up of glowing gases and airborne particles given off by a burning substance; it is not just energy.

It depends on the usage.

A proportional counter operates in the linear region, meaning that the amplitude of the pulse is proportional to the energy of the captured ionizing event. Integrating the pulses yields an estimate of the total energy in the field, which is related to dose rate.

A geiger counter, on the other hand, operates in the avalanch region, which means that every ionizing event yields the same amplitude pulse. You lose the ability to estimate dose rate, but you gain sensitivity. The advantage is the ability to quantify, though not qualify, contamination levels.

240Pu decays to 236U by emitting an alpha particle. You can tell this by looking at the difference in atomic mass. 240 minus 236 is 4, and that is the mass of an alpha particle. You can also tell this by looking at a chart of the nuclides. See the related link below for an example from Brookhaven National Laboratories.

The half-life of radioactive water depends on the specific isotope present in the water. Common radioactive isotopes found in water include tritium and carbon-14, which have half-lives of about 12.3 years and 5,730 years, respectively.

Nuclear fission is the process by which an atomic nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei of roughly equal mass. This process releases a large amount of energy, making it a key component in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons.

No, radiation is not measured in emissions per second. The curie (Ci) is a unit used to measure the activity of a radioactive substance, representing the rate of radioactive decay. The unit for measuring radiation exposure is the sievert (Sv).

There is a simple difference between a nucleus and a nucleon. A nucleus is at the center of an atom, and it is that collection of particles, protons and neutrons, that make up the nucleus of that atom. Because atomic nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, we have come up with the term nucleon to describe any particle that makes up an atomic nucleus. That means either a proton or a neutron, when we talk about them as part of the nucleus of an atom, can be properly called a nucleon. The nucleus of an atom is said to be made up of nucleons. It's just that simple.

Yes, inertial confinement fusion uses high-energy lasers to compress and heat a fuel pellet, typically containing deuterium and tritium, to trigger a nuclear fusion reaction. The intense laser beams are focused on the fuel pellet to create the extreme conditions necessary for fusion to occur.

No. The sun produces energy by fusion. It is joining hydrogen atoms into larger helium atoms, which releases energy.

Man-made nuclear reactors produce energy by fission. They break large atoms into smaller atoms, which also releases energy.

Radioactive decay occurs when unstable atomic nuclei lose energy to become more stable. This process can involve emitting particles (such as alpha or beta particles) or electromagnetic radiation (such as gamma rays).

Benjamin Franklin did not discover the structure of atoms. The atomic theory was formulated by John Dalton in the early 19th century, proposing that all matter is made up of indivisible particles called atoms.

It is a period of time when the radio active mass is halved.

Radioactive metals disintegrate. In this disintegration the radio active atom emits either/or alpha/beta/gamma particles, and in doing so the given elements changed to a less massive element.

Taking uranium for example.

The isotope 234-U decays with beta emission to the isotopic element 234-Protactinium.in a period of 24 days.

So if you had say 10g of 234-U in 24 days you would have 5g of 234-U . The other 5g would be the element 234-Protactinoum.

Ununbium is now called Copernicium and it has 112 electrons