Nuclear Physics

This depends on the velocity, or temperature, of the alpha particle. The faster the particle goes, the higher its temperature, and the more energetic it is. When we are dealing with atoms and subatomic particles, temperature and velocity are pretty much measurements of the same thing.

Most alpha particles emitted from large radioactive atoms have energies in the range of 3 to 7 MeV (million electron volts). Alpha particles from the decay of the heavier, man-made atoms can be more energetic yet. 5 MeV would mean that the particle is going about 15,000 km/s, or about 5% of the speed of light. At that speed, the alpha particle can be absorbed by a piece of thin paper.

They are not horribly dangerous, if the particles are outside you. But if they are emitted from something inside you, they can be very destructive because they can alter living cells.

It should be noted that an alpha particle is essentially the same thing as a Helium-4 nucleus. The difference is that the alpha particle came from nuclear decay, and is moving.

After the nucleus of a radioactive element undergoes changes, it can transform into a different element or isotope through processes like alpha or beta decay. This transformation occurs as the nucleus tries to achieve a more stable configuration.

A typical nuclear fission equation can be written as: ( \text{Uranium-235} + \text{Neutron} \rightarrow \text{Krypton} + \text{Barium} + \text{Neutrons} + \text{Energy} )

In order for an atom of an element that is not radioactive to become radioactive, the isotope has to change. This can happen as a result of neutron capture.

Neutron capture can simply change the isotope of an atom, as when cobalt-59, which is not radioactive, captures a neutron to become cobalt-60, which is radioactive.

Neutron capture can also result in immediate radioactive decay of the atom struck, even if it is not radioactive. For example helium-3 can capture a neutron to produce two atoms of hydrogen, one of hydrogen-3 and one of hydrogen-1.

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No. Alpha particles are made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, so they are relatively large. They also have a large ionising effect, which means can damage cells making it cancerous. However, since it is so large, it can be stopped by such thin surfaces as skin or paper, so is only dangerous when injected or swallowed.

The strong nuclear force opposes the electromagnetic force in the nucleus of an atom. It is responsible for binding protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.

Half life is the time for one half of a radioactive substance to decay. In the second half life, another half decays, leaving one quarter. In the third half life, another dalf decays, leaving one eights. And so on and so forth...

The equation for the amount left after N half lives is...

AN = A0 2(-N/H)

...where H is the half life.

In the question asked, if 0.45 of a substance remains after 80 minutes, what is the half life, simply plug in the observations and solve...

0.45 = 2(-80/H)

log2(0.45) = log2(2(-80/H))

-1.152 = -80/H

H = 69.44 minutes

Uranium is the only naturally occurring element used for nuclear fission in commercial nuclear reactors. It is typically found in two isotopes, uranium-235 and uranium-238, with uranium-235 being the primary isotope used for nuclear fission reactions.

Much of the heat in the core of the Earth is residual from heat created billions of years back, and some of this was created in fusion reactions in stars.

There are other nuclear actions at work in the core of the Earth, however. The more important of these is nuclear decay, which is what most radioactive atoms undergo. This releases energy in the form of heat, which is the trapped underground until it can escape - a very long time. Less commonly, some isotopes, most notably uranium-235, undergo fission. This is a much more energetic process, but is not common because there is not much of this isotope around.

The antiparticle of a positron is an electron. Both the positron and electron have the same mass but opposite charge, with the positron having a positive charge and the electron having a negative charge.

Engineers specializing in nuclear engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering would be essential for designing and constructing a nuclear power plant. Additionally, nuclear physicists, health physicists, and materials scientists would be required for ensuring safety, radiation protection, and materials selection. Environmental scientists may also be involved in assessing and mitigating potential environmental impacts.

Carbon-14 decays to Nitrogen-14 by beta- decay with a half-life of 5730 years ...

614C --> 714N + (W- --> e- + v-e)

... which means that a down quark is converted to an up quark by the weak interaction, converting a neutron into a proton and emitting a W- boson, which then subsequently decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino.

X-rays are not capable of producing beta rays. Beta rays are a form of ionizing radiation emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation produced through processes like electron transitions in atoms or by high-energy electron collisions.

That is called an anti-electron, also known as a positron.

That is called an anti-electron, also known as a positron.

That is called an anti-electron, also known as a positron.

That is called an anti-electron, also known as a positron.

The velocity of ions can be calculated using the formula v = qE/m, where v is the velocity, q is the charge of the ion, E is the electric field strength, and m is the mass of the ion. This formula assumes the ion's motion is unimpeded by other factors such as collisions with other particles.

Involving fission & fusion at the same time? These reactions are completely different from each other and have no physical or mathematical relationships. I suppose you could claim that a hydrogen bomb that uses a fission trigger is an example of such an equation, however, the fission occurs before the fusion, so they are still separate and distinct from each other. The mass-energy equivalence equation, E=mc^2, is used to calculate the energy released due to the missing masses found in the fission or fusion calculations, but it comes at the end to convert the mass result into energy only.

Nothing really. Beta particles are electrons or positrons (the antimatter counterpart of electrons), and alpha particles are two protons and two neutrons (a helium nucleus). I guess the only things that they share are speed, and particles in them that have electric charge.

All elements above the atomic number of 83 are radioactive, but two elements that are under it are also radioactive. They are technetium (atomic number 43) and promethium (atomic number 61). Radioactive elements are elements that decay until stable. =)

When rubber is heated, it typically expands and its density decreases. This is because the increased thermal energy causes the rubber molecules to vibrate more, creating more space between them and leading to a decrease in density.

The nuclear symbol for molybdenum-99 is ^99Mo.

The type of nuclear force that binds the nucleus of an atom together is the strong nuclear force. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and is responsible for holding protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. This force is stronger than the electromagnetic force, which tends to push positively charged protons apart.

X-rays and gamma rays are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, but differ in their origins. X-rays are typically produced by accelerated electrons hitting a target, while gamma rays originate from nuclear processes like radioactive decay or nuclear reactions. Gamma rays have higher energy and penetrating power compared to X-rays, making them more harmful to living organisms.

90 protons