Oceanography

Icebergs that break off into the ocean from glaciers do not contain salt, as they are formed by freshwater on land (snow, ice).

Icebergs that form in the ocean mostly do not contain salt either. This is because as the seawater freezes, it forms a crystal structure (ice) that prevents salt ions from being included.

A category 1 hurricane has sustained winds of 74 to 95 mph and is expected to cause mostly minor damage. A category 5 hurricane has winds of at least 156 mph and is expected to cause catastrophic damage.

The Bay of Fundy in Canada experiences the largest tidal range in the world, with the water level fluctuating by up to 16 meters (52 feet) between high and low tide. This region is known for its extreme tides due to its unique shape and the resonance of the tides within the bay.

Yes, the Gulf Stream is an example of a current along the east coast of North America. It is a powerful, warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the eastern seaboard of the United States before crossing the Atlantic Ocean towards Europe.

" Cortez was perhaps the first to send large numbers of ships from Mexico northward through the Florida Straits, then eastward following the clockwise motion of the Gulf Stream to return to Spain. A visit with any of the shipwreck museums will reveal the results of the unsuccessful voyages.

A notation in the Herrera's summary of the log of Ponce de Leon's voyage log, on April 22, 1513, noted, "A current such that, although they had great wind, they could not proceed forward, but backward and it seems that they were proceeding well; at the end it was known that the current was more powerful than the wind." This is probably the first written evidence of the Gulf Stream and Ponce de Leon is considered its discoverer.

It was not until six years later that one Anton de Alaminos set sail for Spain from Vera Cruz, Mexico following the Florida coastline northward before turning eastward to Europe. This same Anton de Alaminos was the chief pilot aboard Ponce de Leon's ship on his earlier trip and had also sailed with Columbus on his last voyage. Some historians credit Alaminos with the discovery of the Gulf Stream, since he was the first to take advantage of it."

During the process of evaporation, only the water molecules evaporate, leaving behind the salt and impurities. When the evaporated water condenses and forms clouds, it eventually falls as precipitation (rain) because the salt and impurities are left behind in the ocean. This process results in fresh water precipitation.

Invasive species can disrupt ocean ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources, disturbing habitats, and introducing new diseases. This can lead to a decline in biodiversity, changes in food webs, and loss of valuable marine resources. Invasive species can also negatively impact human activities such as fishing and tourism.

The water in the Sacramento River is fresh water. It originates from the snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada mountains and flows through various agricultural and urban areas before emptying into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and eventually into the San Francisco Bay.

The intensity of tidal waves is typically measured using a scale called the "Tsunami Intensity Scale" or the "Tsunami Magnitude Scale." This scale measures the amplitude of the waves, the speed at which the waves are traveling, and the energy they carry. The higher the magnitude on the scale, the more intense the tidal wave is considered to be.

If the shoreline is gradual, waves will slow down and break further from shore, creating gentler surf. If the shoreline is steep, waves will approach more quickly and break closer to shore, resulting in stronger surf and potentially more erosion.

The North Atlantic Drift, an extension of the Gulf Stream, is the ocean current that significantly affects Britain's climate. It brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico, helping to keep Britain's climate milder and more temperate than other regions at similar latitudes.

The proportion of dissolved salts in seawater has remained relatively stable over millions of years. It is primarily maintained through a balance of inputs from sources like rivers and outputs through processes like evaporation.

No, most plants cannot tolerate salt water. Salt water has high levels of salt which can dehydrate plants, inhibit nutrient uptake, and damage their cellular structure. Some plants, called halophytes, have adaptations that allow them to thrive in saline environments, but these are the exception rather than the rule.

echo sounders and hydrophones were invented by a US navy scienrist to search for submarines during World War 1 that ocenographers really began to understand that the ocean botton has just as varied a geoghraphy as the land surface.

Places where sea water is evaporated to get salt are typically called salt pans or salt flats. These areas are created by allowing seawater to evaporate naturally, leaving behind salt deposits that can then be harvested.

A salt wedge is a type of density stratification in which denser, saltier water wedges beneath less dense, fresher water. This typically occurs in estuaries where freshwater from rivers meets saltwater from the ocean, creating a distinct layering of water masses. The salt wedge can affect water circulation, nutrient distribution, and ecosystem dynamics in estuarine environments.

Seepage from the ground and runoff from the surface.

The water molecule could evaporate due to heat from the sun, forming a water vapor cloud. This cloud could then be carried by the wind towards the ocean. Upon reaching a colder environment over the ocean, the vapor would condense back into liquid form and eventually fall as precipitation into the ocean.

Rift zones are found along tectonic plate boundaries, where the Earth's crust is pulling apart. This leads to the formation of rift valleys and volcanic activity. Some well-known rift zones include the East African Rift and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Water vapor condensed to form oceans on Earth's surface early in Earth's history, as the planet cooled down and the atmospheric temperature decreased to a point where the water vapor could no longer remain in its gaseous state.

A thorough answer would be difficult, but some of the effects were:

Huge quantities of oil spilled due to ships sinking.

Introduction of tons of mercury, which was used in nearly all ammunition of the time.

In a few areas, sensitive reefs were damaged or destroyed by ship groundings, depth charges, mine sweeping, etc.

Artificial reefs were created in some areas by ships that sank, and some of these are preferred fishing spots today.

While many millions of sea creatures must have been destroyed by weapons like depth charges and mines, any estimate would be no more than a wild guess.

The war caused a need for large amounts of work to port facilities, especially in the US and Canada, which were the chief export nations. This resulted in massive dredging of harbors plus tremendous construction projects with no consideration of impact on sea life.

When water reaches an arctic region and cools, it becomes denser and sinks due to its increased salinity and lower temperature. This process is known as thermohaline circulation, where cold water sinks and drives deep ocean currents.

Lightning is caused by a build-up of static electricity between raindrops. Eventually, enough builds-up, and it is discharged towards earth. Thunder is the noise caused by such a huge force, it is heard after the lightning is seen because light travels faster than sound.

A "chimera" can also be referred to as a hybrid or a crossbreed.

Spring tides have the greatest range; neap tides have the least range. This happens based upon the degree to which solar tides and lunar tides are aligned or in opposition, which is to say, are the sun and moon both pulling on the water in the same direction, or in different directions.