Otto Von Bismarck

He went to war with France.

He went through loop holes and enticed war with Austria. He then made Austria help Prussia take over Schelswig and Holstein so that Prussia would look like a better country to take the lead as a United Germany but in doing so kicking out Austria in the 7 Weeks war and paying them off.

Otto von Bismarck employed a strategy known as "Realpolitik," characterized by pragmatic and often ruthless political decisions to achieve national unification and strengthen Germany. His methods included strategic wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, which rallied German states around Prussia. Bismarck also implemented domestic policies like the Kulturkampf, aimed at reducing the influence of the Catholic Church, and social welfare programs to undermine socialist movements and secure worker loyalty to the state. His diplomatic maneuvers, including forming alliances and treaties, helped isolate France and maintain peace in Europe after unification.

Bismarck said this to the Prussian Parliament in 1862. The liberal majority in the parliament rejected his plans for vastly increased military spending. The meaning of the comment is twofold: # The key decisions are made by war, not by democratically elected bodies. # It expresses his utter contempt for democracy.

For 19 years, from 1871-1890.

Otto von Bismarck was a pivotal figure in 19th-century European politics, known for unifying Germany through a series of strategic wars and diplomatic maneuvers. As the first Chancellor of the German Empire, he implemented policies that established Germany as a major European power and introduced social reforms such as health insurance and pensions. Bismarck's realpolitik approach and mastery of alliances shaped the continent's political landscape, contributing to both stability and tensions leading up to World War I. His legacy continues to influence modern political thought and statecraft.

One can not solely claim that Otto Von Bismarck brought about German unification. It was a number of factors which worked in his favor.

For example, the Zollverein was an effective economic force in unifying some of the disgruntled southern states with Prussia.

But in relation to Bismarck 'single-handedly' achieving German Unification, one could state that he did so pragmatically, in such events as the annexation of Luxembourg, which caused an upsurge in nationalism and anti-french feeling throughout Germany, this allowed him to have a huge military budget passed and gave him the ample opportunity to defeat Napoleon II.

One could not just argue that Bismarck single-handedly achieved German unification, it was brought about through 'blood and iron' and not 'coal and iron' as Keynes later argues. Pragmatic actions coupled with the superiority of the free trading Zollverein under the helm of Von Roon. It should also be noted that Bismarck never planned full German Unification, a key primary source that concludes this can be found in a letter to his wife, which reads 'There is nothing left to achieve in our lifetime'.

But evidently the military pacts Prussia had made with southern states on the eve of warfare meant that if warfare broke out, Prussia would have political dominance over those states.

Nationalism within Germany at the time can not be credited as a significant factor in German unification. Numbers within nationalist groups were always relatively low, and it is important not to confuse nationalism with patriotism.

Thus concluding this short response. It was pragmatic Bismarck actions that brought about German unification, but Germany was certainly not unified by Bismarck 'single-handedly'.

Answer in the

France

Otto von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor of Germany, used a combination of realpolitik, diplomacy, and military force to unify Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, known as the Iron Man of India, played a crucial role in integrating over 500 princely states into the newly independent India through negotiations, diplomacy, and the threat of military force, known as the "iron fist in a velvet glove" approach. Both leaders were instrumental in unifying their respective countries through skillful diplomacy and strategic use of power, although in different historical contexts and circumstances.

Bismarck used Realpolitik, ruthless politics that puts the goals of the state ahead of any other concern (basically "ends justify the means" politics.) Specifically, in addition to ignoring Prussian law when he felt it necessary, he manipulated his way into wars--with Denmark, Austria, and France--to stir up German nationalism so he could accomplish unification. Bismarck also used the policy of Kulturkampf. This is a struggle for culture. He did so by attacking the Catholic Church, which creates a common enemy amung the North Germans. He eventually fails, but this common enemy helps to unify Germany. The Zollverein Trade and Tariff Union was an economic aid to Bismarck's unification of Germany. It brought down the barriers between states and helped to create an interdependence amung them. He emphasized a common history amung the Germans. He used Brothers Grimm, which were two brothers that wrote a collection of German fairytales including Rapunzel, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Rumpelstiltskin, and Snow White, to show that even though the people of Germany may be different, they were still very much the same. They had the same customs, language, and traditions. The wars that Otto von Bismarck manipulated his way into were also a way of unifying Germany. Win after win got the people of Germany stirring about their great army and navy. He removed the threat of Austria, then took land from the Danish, and beat out the French. Bismarck successfully conquered the European world and united Germany.

As regards similarities between Bismarck and Patel, I have no specialized knowledge. Both of them used a 3-stage system for uniting their countries; 1) Invite Union, pointing out the advantages. 2) Take advantage of the fact of human nature that people who will not unite FOR anything will unite AGAINST something - Austria/France, or Britain/Pakistan. 3) By the time only a few states are left outside the Union, the Union will be strong enough to incorporate the rest by force.

He was one of the first proponents of a stated retirement age. He chose the age of 65. Interestingly enough, the average life span during his time would not have impacted that age because people did not live that long.

All three of these men led the unification of their respective homelands (Bismarck - Germany, Cavour - Italy, Meiji - Japan) in the mid-to-late 1800s and the industrialization and modernization of their countries. The unifications in all cases required impressive military tactics and diplomatic acumen. These leaders also thrust their countries into the imperialist land grab in Africa, Asia, and Oceania, trying to get any territories not already taken by UK, France, Portugal, Netherlands, or Belgium.

For sinking the British flag ship HMS Hood in a lucky hit. She was also famous due to the fact she has been incorrectly called the biggest and most powerful battleship of all time. Also due to the sheer determination to kill her in Britain has lead to her being remembered.

Due to Otto Von Bismarck's leadership, military power and diplomacy, Europe was dominated by Germany from 1870 to 1890.

Camillo Cavour was the liberal prime minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia. He provoked a war with Austria, and with the help of the French he won. As a result, most of northern Italy voted to join Piedmont. (In the south, Garibaldi captured Sicily and Naples and the southern states joined the northern union.) So, Italy was united in 1861.

Otto von Bismarck was the prime minister and foreign minister of Prussia. (Prussia had been a conservative and militaristic monarchy.) TThe Prussians decided to unite Germany but to do so, first they had to win over Austria, becausee she wanted to do the same under their leadership.

Austria was defeated by the Prussians in 1866, and this meant that the Habsburgs were excluded from the unification. After the victory, Otto von bismarck made the northern states into a North German Confederation, and when they defeated the French as well, the southern territories joined the Confederation too. In 1871, the united Germany was born with Wilhelm I as Emperor of Germany.

Both politicians led their peoples (often to wars) to achieve their main goal: the creation of their nation-states.

The Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815 with a peace settlement orchestrated by the brilliant Austrian foreign minister, Metternich. The peace settlement was known as "the Concert of Vienna" and kept the peace in Europe for the next 99 years with the exception of the Franco-Prussian War. The Concert of Vienna adjusted affairs in Europe so that each nation felt its national interests were protected, and, most importantly, maintained a delicate balance of power between European nations.

However, in 1815 Germany did not exist. There were dozens of "Germanic States", some very small, a few fairly large, where Germany is today. When Germany was created by uniting all these "Germanic States" into one single nation under the plans of the Prussian minister Bismarck, this was the appearance of a new, large nation in central Europe, which was not planned for nor accommodated under the Vienna peace plan of fifty years before. The very existence of a united Germany upset the delicate balance of power of the Concert of Vienna which had kept the peace for those fifty years. Alarmed at the appearance of a powerful new united neighbor on her border, France immediately picked a fight with the newly united Germany, started a war, and promptly lost it. This proved that not only was there a united Germany here to stay, but that Germany was a powerful nation capable of easily handling France, which had been considered one of the world's great powers. This made the arrangements of the Concert of Vienna out of date, and nations began making alliances with one another, to increase their feelings of security about what might happen if a large war came. It was these alliances which caused many European nations to be pulled into war in 1914, when the nations they were allied with went to war.

ws

Camillo Cavour and Otto von Bismarck were both key figures in the unification of Italy and Germany, respectively, but they differed in their approaches and ideologies. Cavour, a pragmatic statesman, focused on diplomacy, economic modernization, and alliances to achieve Italian unification, primarily through constitutional monarchy. In contrast, Bismarck, known for his realpolitik, employed a more militaristic and aggressive strategy, using wars and diplomatic manipulation to unify Germany under Prussian leadership. While both leaders were influential in shaping their nations, their methods and political contexts were distinct.

The German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck created a fixed military alliance during peace time was a new concept for 19th century Europe. Bismarck is given credit for establishing an Austro-German alliance. He also induced Russia to return to the Three Emperor's League, which for a time they did. Bismarck also created a defense alliance with Rome. This was a protection against a French attack. Bismarck was also the force behind the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

Damaging Austria too greatly would cause its leaders to join with Prussia's other enemies.