Particle Physics

Nitrogen, with an atomic number of 7, has 5 electrons in its outer shell. It can lend or borrow a maximum of 3 electrons to achieve a stable octet configuration, like the noble gas neon. This allows nitrogen to form compounds such as ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+).

Outer electrons are the electrons that are borrowed or stolen in a reaction. Because a non-metal has a negative oxidation number, it will borrow electrons from a metal to complete its outer shell. Metals have positive oxidation numbers and tend to lose electrons in reactions.

In any neutrally charged atom ; YES!!!!

e.g. Carbon.

Carbon has 6 protons (+) and 6 electrons (-).

However, when an atom loses or gains electrons, the numbers are NOT equal, and the atom is now known as an ION.

e.g.

Sodium

Sodium has 11 protons and 11 electrons.

The Sodium ION has 11 protons and 10 electrons. and has the symbol (Na^(+)). NB 11(+) + 10(-) = +1 = '+'.

An element with 16 neutrons could be oxygen-16, which is a stable isotope of oxygen.

The Higgs boson is not the smallest particle. It is a fundamental particle that is responsible for giving mass to other particles in the universe. The smallest known particles are quarks and leptons, which are the building blocks of matter.

Protons and electrons have a charge. Protons have a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge. Neutrons do not have a charge and are neutral.

An electron orbital describes the probable location of an electron within an atom. It represents the three-dimensional region where an electron is most likely to be found, based on the electron's energy level, shape, and orientation within the atom. Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.

All subatomic particles have mass, bar the photon and the gluon. The masses of some of the most well-known are as follows:

Electron: 0.511 MeV/c^2

Proton: 938.272 MeV/c^2

Neutron: 939.565 MeV/c^2

Electron Neutrino: ~2.2 MeV/c^2

N.B: All masses have been expressed using Einstein's mass-energy equivalence (E=m.c^2); the mass is thus expressed in terms of energy/c^2 as the masses (in kg) would be extremely small.

Mercury's atomic number is 80. Thus, it has 80 protons and 80 electrons to be neutral. Its configuration is therefore 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10. As you can see, 6 of its s orbitals are filled.

Neutron and Proton both travel in a circle named Neucleus (the core of the atom)

The spin of a subatomic particle is an intrinsic property that is not caused by the particle physically spinning on its axis. It is a fundamental characteristic of the particle that has a quantized value based on its quantum state. Spin is a crucial aspect of particle physics and plays a role in determining the particle's behavior in various interactions.

To break the nucleus apart, you would need an immense amount of energy. Protons are held together by the strong nuclear force, which is one of the most powerful forces in nature. Physicists have been able to break nuclei apart using high-energy particle accelerators, but it requires sophisticated technology and tremendous energy levels.

There is 0 neutron in a Hydrogen-1 isotope. Hydrogen-1 has an atomic number of 1, which means it has 1 proton and no neutrons.

No, the Higgs boson is a fundamental particle that exists within the framework of the standard model of particle physics. It is not a physical object that can exist in astronomical structures like nebulae.

The total charge of 17 protons is +17e, and the total charge of 10 electrons is -10e. Subtracting the negative charge from the positive charge gives a net charge of +7e for the system.

The nucleus is located at the center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons. The electron cloud surrounds the nucleus and is where electrons are found in various energy levels.

Sr has a relatively low electron affinity. Electron affinity is the energy change when an atom gains an electron to form a negative ion, and for strontium, this energy change is lower compared to other elements.

The region in an atom where an electron is most likely to be found is called an orbital. Orbitals are defined as the three-dimensional spaces around the nucleus where electrons have the highest probability of being located.

Atoms in period 1 have 1 valence electron. This is because the number of valence electrons is equal to the period number for main group elements.

Antimatter is a type of matter that has the opposite properties of normal matter. When a particle of matter meets its corresponding antiparticle, they annihilate each other, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. Antimatter is rare in the universe and is mostly created in high-energy environments like particle accelerators.

Protons and neutrons are about the same size and are larger than electrons. Protons and neutrons have a size of about 1 femtometer (10^-15 meters), while electrons are about 1000 times smaller.

Protons and neutrons make up the mass of an atom. Electrons, which are negatively charged, are much smaller in mass compared to protons and neutrons.

The electromagnetic force between protons and electrons is what binds them together to form atoms. In an atom, the positively charged protons in the nucleus are attracted to the negatively charged electrons, creating a stable structure.

Halogen atoms typically gain one electron when they react to achieve a stable electron configuration, forming a halide ion with a charge of -1. For example, chlorine (Cl) gains one electron to become Cl-.

At a scale of 1 picometer, which is one trillionth of a meter, the nature of spacetime is still governed by the principles of general relativity, but quantum effects become significant. At such small distances, the concept of continuous spacetime breaks down, and a quantum theory of gravity is necessary to fully describe the nature of spacetime.