Particle Physics

Sodium has 11 electrons and protons; the number of neutrons is specific for each isotope.

Number of neutrons in a sodium isotope = Mass number - 11

Number of neutrons = Mass number - atomic number = 210 - 82 = 128

Obviously it would try to attract them. But something called the screening effect takes place which prevents this. Although the screening effect is intra-atomic but this interatomic effect can also be called screening effect.

It is a giant "toy" for physicist to crash individual atoms into each other. They use magnetic fields to get atoms moving as fast the can get them and crash them together. They do that to see what comes out, hence figuring out what atoms are made out of.

Joseph john Thomson

Yes molecules vibrate at their own place. However this motion is very tiny.

At absolute zero temperature, a pure crystal will have zero motion of molecules.

Movement of any particles and temperature is directly related.

They are not in the nucleaus, they orbit around the nucleus.

I think you probably mean the mass of the classical subatomic particles, Proton, Neutron and Electron. From memory, the mass of the proton and neutron are almost the same and approximately 1.6 x 10-24 grams while the mass of an electron is about 0.9 x 10-28 grams. In the Standard Model of subatomic particles, there are very many more particles than these three and their masses are best looked up in tables. Some of the masses of subatomic particles have not yet been determined (neutrinos) and one of the theoretical particles has not yet been shown to exist at this time (Higgs boson).

The diameter is double the radius. Radius of an electron r = 2.817940289458 x 10^-15 m Diameter of an electron d = 5.635880578916 x 10^-15 m http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_electron_radius http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ElectronRadius.html

If there are 4 electrons and 4 protons, the atom is electrically neutral since the positive charges from the protons balance out the negative charges from the electrons. No electrons are lost or gained in this scenario.

29 protons and 27electrons are present in Cu2+ ion.

Proprons carry a positive charge and are located in the heart of the atom called Nucleous where they can not easily be disloged without destroying the atom or element if you wish. And since we are talking about current then th best examples would be a copper cable to your light builb or a Gold strip on your tv PCB.

Electrons are located on the outer sphere of the nucleus and the outer most layer's electrons in good electric conducting elements are not firmly bonded making it easy for them to move or jump from one atom to another hence allowing an electric current to flow.

it depends on the isotopes of calcium

e.g. Calcium-40 has 20 electrons and 20 neutrons

Calcium-44 has 20 electrons and 24 neutrons

To find out the number of neutrons for Calcium you take the Isotope number (x) minus away the number of electrons (20)

e.g. Calcium-x

Calcium-x has 20 electrons and (x-20) neutrons..

OR

you take the relative atomic mass (x) and subtract it with the number of electrons (20)

(x-20) = neutrons

it's atomic mass- e.g weight in protons and neutrons, electrons weigh virtually nothing

The number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) provides the number of the isotope. For example, 3H, called hydrogen-3 or tritium, has very nearly the same mass, and exactly the same isotope number, as 3He, or helium-3.

There are a handful of elements that undergo positron decay. Positron decay, called positron emission or beta decay (beta plus decay) happens in carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, fluorine-18, potassium-40 and iodine-121. Let's look at what's happening. In the nucleus of these isotopes, the weak force mediates the conversion of a proton into a neutron, a positron and a neutrino, and also a photon or gamma ray. In the case of carbon-11, its decay scheme will look like this: 11C → 11B + e+ + νe + 0.45 MeV The carbon-11 atom is converted into a boron-11 atom, a positron (e+), a nuetrino (ve) and the 0.45 MeV gamma ray. (The MeV is a million electron-volts.) The new element, that new atom of boron, recoils a bit from the event, and the positron and the neutrino come out at high speed (at a high kinetic energy). The gamma ray will be moving at the speed of light (for the medium through which it is passing). You'll note that since a proton in the nucleus was converted into a neutron, the atomic number changes. It goes down one. A new element forms, as was seen in this illustration. Oh, and let's not forget that since the number of protons in the nucleus went down by one, one of the electrons in the electron cloud will no longer be "held" there. It will be released and will wander off. Links can be found below for more information.

The science of atoms and chemical bonding is extremely complicated. Real-life electron density diagrams in a molecule of hydrogen gas for example show how the electrons whizz around the two hydrogen nuclei in a very complex fashion.

Obviously, when one is just learning about chemistry, or needs to present a model of atomic structure that is clear, the dot and cross diagram is superb. Let's use the element Lithium, Li as an example. It has one valence (outer-shell) electron, thus it would possess one dot in such a diagram. A molecule of chlorine gas, Cl2, will have a dot and cross diagram where the atoms' outer shells overlap, with two dots in between the overlap, representing the bond.

This is a very hard topic to discuss in terms of prose alone; textbooks such as Winter- Chemical Bonding, will provide diagrams that will further embellish what I've discussed here.

The charge on an electron is negative (it's -1), and electrons in an atom are found in orbitals (or Fermi energy levels) in the electron cloud far from the nucleus.

as electrons from the Krebs cycle move down the electron transport chain energy level is reduced.

The term nucleon is applied to any particle that makes up an atomic nucleus. That means it can be applied to either a proton or a neutron (but only when we are talking about them as the components of an atomic nucleus). The nucleon with the positive charge is the proton. You'll recall that the neutron is a neutral particle; it has no charge.

If the question is about everyday string we might use for example to tie something, it is a flexible solid. If the question refers to string theory, a state of matter in which it would be categorized would simply not be applicable. The reason is, material states such as solid, liquid, gas, describe manifestations of forces between entire atoms or molecules; since string theory relates to a model representing a particle, its state would not, in isolation, represent collective behaviors of larger structures of which it is only a component.

The positively charged particle in an atom is a proton.

Proton - positive

Neutron - neutral

Electron - negative

ionization energy