Particle Physics

In a neutral Lithium-7 atom, it would have 3 electrons in two concentric S orbitals located around the nucleus - the inner orbital with two, and the outer with only one electron. In the nucleus in the center of the atom, there would be three protons, and four neutrons bound together.

Tellurium has an atomic number (proton count) of 52. Stable isotopes include nuclides with 70, 72, 73, and 74 neutrons.

Neutrinos are one form of radiation, but not a very efficient one for transferring energy since they readily penetrate most forms of matter. Other forms of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma, and even neutrons are more effective at energy transfer.

No, a photon is not time travelling

The solar panels absorb energy from then sun, the solar energy is then transformed into heat energy causing the water to heat up.

No. The periodic table contains the elements, which are made of atoms. The Higgs boson is a much smaller particle than an atom.

Yes, but it was a theoretical element until recently when its presence was proved. The Higgs Boson is a subatomic particle that apparently weighs 130 times as much as an atom of hydrogen, the lightest gas.

A neutron is a subatomic particle; it is one of the building blocks of the atom. It has a mass of about 1.675 x 10-27 kg. It's spin is + 1/2 and that makes it a fermion. Additionally, it has no electric charge. It is unstable when free in nature, and has a half life of about 886 seconds. The neutron could be said to be only "alive" to be part of an atomic nucleus as it ceases to exist after a while if left alone. When it wanders around loose, like after its release following a decay event or a fission event, it may bump into another atomic nucleus and become captured by it. This process is called - no surprise - neutron capture. It is, after all, a nucleon, as is a proton, both of which make up an atomic nucleus. The neutron is made up of two down quarks and an up quark. When a neutron decays, it releases a proton (or, if you prefer, a hydrogen nucleus), an electron, and an antineutrino.

What elementary particles do would depend on what type of particle they are. For example, there are antimatter particles, force particles, and matter particles.

The Higgs boson is referred to as the God particle for the reason that this kind of particle is predicted in physics theory of the Standard Model. Although the particle has nothing to do with God, the belief is, that the detection of this particle would lead to many explanations about the creation of the universe and the big bang and what caused it.

No, it does not. Nothing could be accelerated past the speed of light. As it approached the speed of light its mass would become infinite thereby requiring infinite energy. There were some results with neutrinos suggesting travel at faster than light speed, but it turned out to be due to experimental error.

It would depend if the theory were experimentally or obsversationally validated; in the case of String Theory (which is a theory of quantum gravity), more accurately called M-Theory (M-Theory unifies all five variants of String Theory into one with 11 dimensions), experimental validation is out of the question. Experimental validation would require an enormous particle accelerator; the scale of this accelerator simply cannot be imagined. Observational validation is unlikely as well: M-Theory predicts that we should observe magnetic monopoles (magnets that we have are dipole, meaning that they have a North and South end); however these have not been observed and are unlikely to be observed: they are not expected to have a very high density, meaning that the universe is too large and monopoles too few in number. Although it would be great if validated, it is highly unlikely to ever happen.

Kinda-sorta, but it would be more of crash. Neutron stars have very high gravity, so you'd come plungning down and then turn into a smear on the surface.

This happens because there is so much more water than there is horseshoe. The heat from the horseshoe is distributed throughout the water, so the amount of heat per unit of water is lower than the original amount of heat per unit of horseshoe.

Peter Higgs is credited with first proposing the existence of the Higgs Field, an idea that resulted in a unification of the electro-magnetic force with the weak interaction. Peter did not name the field after himself, that came later.

No other particles; but protons and neutrons contain quarks and gluons.

no electrons have mass, about 1/1800 that of a proton or neutron.

Neutrons, electrons, and protons

It is far easier to detect charged particles -- they interact with matter to a much greater extent.

No -- silver is an element. It's smallest possible component is an atom of silver, which (obviously) can not be sub-atomic.

By definition, a proton is positive, so a proton will always have a positive charge.

There is no such thing as a proton volt.

String theory is one of the leading candidates for a theory of everything, that is, a theory that unifies all 4 basic forces of nature, viz, gravity, the electromagnetic force, the strong force and the weak force. The last 3 forces mentioned above are described by quantum mechanics. This is the link between quantum mechanics and string theory.

ps- If you believe in watertight definitions, then quantum mechanics is all the quantum theory till Dirac's equation. I'm taking quantum mechanics as the theory of the small as such, that is, all of the phenomena of the small from Plank till the standard model and beyond.

If a proton, is a proton then it is a proton. (True).