Particle Physics

A covalent bond is formed between atoms when they share electrons. These bonds are typically strong and are prevalent in compounds like water (H2O) and methane (CH4).

All forces produce an effect of some sort. If a force appears to have no effect, then it has been missed in observation. For example when you press your finger down onto a solid table, you might say it had no effect on the table but it would have had an observable effect on your finger, flattening the part of your finger in contact with the table.

The LHC is for the most part absolutely safe. No need to worry about it causing Doomsday anytime soon. Though they say it could cause a micro black hole that would only exist for one-millionth of a second. Possibly it can create Antimatter that reacts to Normal matter. I also have read that it could create particles called Strangelets which is matter that will turn what ever it touches to its self and so on until all matter around it is a form of its self. Luckily for us the possible Black hole will not be around long enough to even tell (unless they are actually able to pick up the radiation it produces with a sensor and prove that it came from a subatomic black hole). Antimatter can be contained within a vacuum so it has no ability to react with normal matter; and Strangelets are only a scientific theory.

Nobody, the have simply always existed since moments after the Big Bang.

Murray Gel-Man named them.

J.J. Thomson is credited with discovering the electron through his experiments with cathode rays in 1897. He observed that cathode rays were negatively charged particles and proposed that they were a fundamental component of all matter.

Electron: J. J. Thomson (1897)

Proton: Ernest Rutherford (1920)

Neutron: James Chadwick (1932)

(nucleus : Rutherford 1911)

The strong nuclear force is mediated by the gluon and acts on both quarks and gluons themselves. The most common examples of the strong nuclear force are the binding of quarks to form protons and neutrons, and the binding of quarks to form mesons, which in turn are the particles that hold the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.

The weak nuclear force is mediated by the W+, W-, and Z bosons and acts on all 6 flavors of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom; and all 6 flavors of leptons: electrons, electron neutrinos, muons, muon neutrinos, taus, and tau neutrinos.

Without the strong force atoms would fly apart and nothing would exist as we know it.

NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains two hydrogen atoms and two electrons to form NADH during glycolysis. NAD+ acts as an electron carrier, accepting the hydrogen atoms and becoming reduced to form NADH.

The electric dipole transition refers to the dominant?æeffect of the atom's electron interaction in the electromagnetic field. It is also the transition between the system energy levels with?æthe Hamiltonian.

Positrons were first suggested by Paul Dirac in 1928, and they were observed directly in a cloud chamber by Carl D. Anderson in 1932. It should be noted that Caltech graduate student Chung-Yao Chao is credited with detecting the positron in 1930, but he was unable to explain it. As regards Anderson's experiment, it was fairly simple. Highly energetic cosmic rays passing through the cloud chamber interacted with other atoms in a number of pair production events. These high energy gamma rays were actually "creating" matter from electromagnetic energy. A magnetic field set up in the chamber caused the particle pairs, which are an electron and a positron, to be deflected in opposite directions because of their opposite charges. There was only one explanation for the observed results, and this explanation included the existence of a positron, the antiparticle of the electron. Just as Dirac predicted. Positrons have been seen as products in numerous high energy physics experiments. In addition, they are actually used in medical imaging, and we see this in Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan). Without positrons, PET scans wouldn't be possible. Links are provided below for more information.

Number of neutrons = Mass number - Number of protons = 127 - 53 = 74

Yes, metals are electron donors, meaning they tend to lose electrons to form positively charged ions. This is why metals are good conductors of electricity, as they have mobile electrons that can move throughout the material.

When NADH passes its electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), it helps create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

A charm quark is an elementary particle with an electrical charge of +2⁄3 e. It's a second generation up-type quark and has a mass of about 1.5 GeV/c2.

protons, neutrons and electrons are the main subatomic particles of the atom. There are the same number of protons as electrons, which is equal to the atomic number. The number of neutrons may vary according to the isotope of the element.

Electrons can be transferred through a process called oxidation-reduction reactions, where one atom loses electrons (oxidation) and another atom gains those electrons (reduction). This transfer of electrons can occur in chemical reactions, electrical circuits, or biological processes. Additionally, electrons can be transferred through physical contact between two materials with different electronegativities, resulting in the movement of charge.

Ions have an imbalance of charge, with either an excess or shortage of electrons.

Negative, assuming that the gain of electrons was an ionizing gain (not just replacing missing electrons)

Quarks are fundamental particles of the universe and cannot be subdivided (according to current knowledge). Enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions and there are no reactions that can 'remove sections' of quarks, which are basically indivisible. If you know about restriction endonucleases and DNA ligases, you'll know that these enzymes can cut and ligate together different pieces of DNA.

Possible neutrino change.

The electron neutrino is formed by one energy quantum. This particle is characterised by mass wave which is unclosed.

Muon neutrino and tauon neutrino are only one particle. This particle is formed by unsymmetrical couple of energy quanta. This particle is characterised by two mass waves (unsymmetrical and unclosed) with length proportion 1:2. Such structure consequence is periodical energy change of particle with energies proportion 3:1 in dependence on time. Both time periods are identical and relatively long. This results of considerations on the theme the Theory of Everything.

Barn

Flourine (atomic number 9) has 9 protons and 9 electrons and 10 neutrons.

Of course if it were a trick question than all elements with an atomic number of 9 or greater would hae 9 electrons :)