Particle Physics

Classical free electron theory could not explain many physical properties. In 1928, Sommerfeld developed a new theory applying quantum mechanical concepts and Fermi-Dirac statistics to the free electrons in the metal. This theory is called quantum free electron theory.

It has 31 electrons. The easiest way to find an electron is that the atomic number tells you how many protons and electrons on the periodic table. It will change if the element is an ion which will gain or lose an electron.

plasma

No, on the most inner shell, only 2 electrons can be held, but then on every other shell it is usally 8

the number of neutrons is mass

If you polish a piece of aluminium with a cloth you can smell the metal. this is because particles from the aluminium have gone into the air.

i don't know if this is the proper answer, but i think it is a reason.

Ionization

They do not differ in any way, except they are the 1 to 8 electrons in the highest energy ground state orbitals of that atom.

Potassium has the atomic number 19; that means it has 19 protons. The number of neutrons - as with any element - depends on the specific isotope. For more details, check the Wikipedia article on "Isotopes of potassium".

Electron distribution mnemonics are memory devices used to remember the order and arrangement of electrons in an atom's electron shells or subshells. Examples include the Aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and the Hund's rule, which help predict how electrons are distributed in an atom based on their energy levels and spin.

There are particles that weigh less than a quark, such as an electron, a neutrino, etc. But in terms of the volume of space that they occupy, no particle is smaller than a quark. Note that the concept of occupying space does not work exactly the same way on sub-atomic scales as it does on larger scales, due to quantum dynamic factors.Nothing, a quark is an infinitesimal point particle (as are photons, leptons, and neutrinos). Nothing can be smaller than a point.

The electron configuration of an element shows the number of electrons in their energy levels and orbitals. For example, the electron configuration of a neutral magnesium atom, Mg, with 12 electrons, is 1s22s22p63s2. This means that there are two electrons in the s orbital of the first energy level, two electrons in the s orbital and six electrons in the p orbital of the second energy level, and two electrons in the s orbital of the third energy level. The number in front of each letter represents the energy level, the letter represents the orbital, and the superscripts represent the number of electrons in the orbital.

This atom become a cation with a +2 electrical charge. All atoms have are neutral because the numbers of protons and electrons are equal. When you subtract any number n of electrons, the new charge is +n, just as a general rule.

No. Actually electrons are almost 2,00X smaller. About 1,600 or something.

A single proton is a subatomic particle with a positive electric charge found in the nucleus of an atom. It is one of the building blocks of matter and is essential for the formation of atoms.

If the question asks about each type of particle, here is a general answer.

The antiproton is the antiparticle of the proton - antimatter. Though it is stable, it will combine with a proton pretty quickly, and the two particles will mutually annihilate each other releasing very high energy gamma rays (cosmic rays).

A positron is the antiparticle of the electron - and antielectron. It's antimater, too. It will combine with an electron in mutual annihilation and produce high energy gamma rays.

A meson is a subatomic particle consisting of a quark-antiquark pair. It's a strongly interacting boson. There are some 20 different types of them, too.

A muon is a negatively charged elementary particle. It can be thought of as an "overweight" electron. It is unstable, and has a mean lifetime of about 2.2 microsecnds. It will decay into an electron, a pair of neutrinos and possibly some other particles.

Links are provided to posts on each of these particles, and you'll find those links below.

subatonic particles

Nobody, the have simply always existed since moments after the Big Bang.

Murray Gel-Man named them.

Electron: J. J. Thomson (1897)

Proton: Ernest Rutherford (1920)

Neutron: James Chadwick (1932)

(nucleus : Rutherford 1911)

All forces produce an effect of some sort. If a force appears to have no effect, then it has been missed in observation. For example when you press your finger down onto a solid table, you might say it had no effect on the table but it would have had an observable effect on your finger, flattening the part of your finger in contact with the table.

Electrons do have charge. The chare of an electron - 1.602*10-19 C

Quark.

James Chadwick is the scientist credited with the discovery of neutrons in 1932. He conducted experiments that led to the identification of the neutron as a fundamental particle found in the nucleus of atoms.