Particle Physics

The big idea of particles is: Proliferation of Dualities - particle and wave; particle and field;discrete and continuous; objective reality and anthropic idea; math. description and interpretation atc.

An electron trap is a localized region in a material where electrons can be captured and temporarily held. This could be due to defects in the crystal structure, impurities, or other factors that create an energy level in which electrons can get stuck. Electrons trapped in these regions can affect the material's electronic properties.

It is merely a sign convention. Electron does not have negative charge. We just know that there are two types of charges in nature. Opposite charges attract and like charges repel. We arbitrarily assume electron to have a charge called "negative". It would have been as well if we would have called charge on electron as "A" and charge on proton as "B". So its just an assumed name.

an ion

Here is a list of materials that create nuclear radiation.

Uranium 235 (Neutron density 99.3%)

Uranium 238 (Neutron density 0.7%)

Plutonium 239

Fission fragments (from reactor material or nuclear warhead.) Alpha, Beta and Gamma.

Three common quarks are up, down, and strange. Up and down quarks are found in protons and neutrons, while strange quarks are found in certain types of subatomic particles.

The force that acts between an up quark and an electron is the electromagnetic force. The interaction is due to the electric charges of the quark (+2/3) and the electron (-1), causing them to attract each other through the exchange of virtual photons.

An Mg2+ ion is a magnesium ion that has a charge of +2, meaning it has lost 2 electrons. The number of neutrons in an Mg2+ ion is the same as in a regular magnesium atom, which is 12 neutrons.

An element with 13 electrons has 13 protons in a neutral atom (net charge=0). Therefore, the element with an atomic number of 13 is Al, aluminum.

a lot

Particle physicists doing research in quantum mechanics use particle accelerators, which are also called "atom smashers" or "colliders".

These devices propel subatomic particles at high velocities and collide them with other subatomic particles, sometimes creating new elements, and recreating the properties of the early Universe, shortly after the Big Bang.

In 1998, scientists at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory discovered a small but significant discrepancy in the behavior of particles known as muons. This finding suggested the potential existence of unknown particles or forces beyond what is currently understood in the Standard Model of particle physics.

A proton is about 1,836 times heavier than an electron. In terms of size, the proton is also larger than an electron. However, the exact size of both particles is extremely small, with the proton being about 100,000 times smaller than an atom.

Atoms of nonmetals can have up to 8 valence electrons. They tend to gain, share, or receive electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell. This allows them to reach a stable electron configuration, similar to a noble gas.

Atoms do not always lose electrons. Electrons can be gained too. Atoms always try to have their outer most shell filled, and some atoms such as ones of potassium can easily lose an electron rather than gain an electron. So it would lose an electron to a different atom so that it would have a full outer shell and the other atom would also have a full outer shell.

The configuration 3d4 4s2 is more stable because it fills up the 4s orbital before filling the 3d orbital. This follows the Aufbau principle, which states that orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy. In the case of 3d5 4s1, the electron is placed in the higher energy 3d orbital before the 4s orbital is completely filled, making it less stable.

No, Mg has 12 protons.

The Element with 23 protons has the symbol V.

Technically all subatomic particles have mass. However, the electron is so small that it was once considered to have no mass.

Wrong, both photons and gravitons are subatomic particles with no mass.

Quarks are fundamental particles that make up protons. When protons are collided at high energies, the residual energy can create new particles, including quarks. This process is studied in particle physics experiments to better understand the properties and interactions of quarks.

No. Neutrons have a neutral charge. The nucleus is positive due to the presence of protons which have a positive charge.

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that involves the transfer of electrons. In an ionic bond, one atom donates an electron to another atom, resulting in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions that are attracted to each other. This creates a strong electrostatic attraction between the ions, forming the bond.

It isn't a matter of temperature. It is created in high-speed collisions like those observed in the hadron particle collider. Antimatter is naturally occurring. It has only been created in minute amounts and costs a fortune. One kilogram of antimatter would create an explosion with the power of a 20 megaton nuclear bomb.

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three subatomic particles found in every atom. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus.

Atoms are composed of three sub-atomic particles, protons, neutrons, and electrons. It should be noted that there are many other types of sub-atomic particles, including neutrinos, positrons, photons, mesons, etc. And even protons and neutrons are apparently composed of even more elementary particles called quarks. But for the purposes of doing chemistry, there are just 3 kinds that matter, the protons, neutrons, and electrons.