Particle Physics

A neutron has 3 valence quarks. An up quark, and two down quarks. An up quark has a charge of 2/3 and a down quark has a charge of -1/3.
Since 2/3 - 1/3 - 1/3 = 0, neutrons have a neutral charge.


Besides valence quarks, supposedly a hadron can contain an infinite sea of quarks that don't affect the properties of the hadron.

These subatomic particles are generally considered the building blocks of atoms. The electron is an elementary particle, while the proton and neutron are composite particles that are made up of quarks. Links can be found below for more information.

Julius Plucker did not discover the electron. The electron was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897 through his experiments with cathode ray tubes.

According to quantum mechanics, electrons do not travel in circular orbits around the nucleus like planets around the sun. Instead, they are better described as existing in electron clouds or orbitals, which represent the probability of finding an electron at a certain location around the nucleus. The electron's behavior is governed by quantum principles such as wave-particle duality and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

The concept of subatomic particles emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the research of scientists such as J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr. The discovery of specific subatomic particles like the electron, proton, and neutron can be attributed to a combination of experimental observations and theoretical advancements by multiple scientists over time.

Neutrons have greater mass. A neutron rest mass is 1838 electron volts. A proton rest mass is 1835 electron volts.

In terms of physical size, this question may not be meaningful. Protons and neutrons are comprised of three quarks each, and their masses apparently are not conserved.

Electrons are located in specific orbitals surrounding the nucleus of an atom. They are negatively charged particles that occupy these energy levels, determined by the atom's atomic number and configuration.

Electrons occupy special regions called energy levels, or shells, which surround the nucleus.

1. Electrons are stable subatomic particles with a negative charge found in the electron cloud of an atom.
2. Neutrons are stable subatomic particles with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom.
3. Protons are stable subatomic particles with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom.

A steady flow of electrons refers to the continuous movement of electrons through a conducting medium, such as a wire, without any interruptions or fluctuations. This flow is essential for the functioning of electrical circuits and devices, allowing for the transfer of electrical energy.

When an atom loses an electron to another atom, it becomes positively charged because it now has more protons than electrons. The atom that gains the electron becomes negatively charged because it now has more electrons than protons. This transfer of electrons creates ions that may attract or repel each other depending on their charges.

There are six types, or flavors, of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Each quark has a different mass, electric charge, and other properties. They combine in various ways to form protons, neutrons, and other particles.

The B meson has a number of decay modes, called channels. The term "golden channel" is applied to the first one, and in that channel (decay chain or decay event), the B meson transforms into two other mesons, a J/psi meson and a K short, or KS meson, a kaon.

The electronic configuration of Fe3+ is [Ar] 3d3 4s2 or 2, 8, 11, 2

Electrons are the free moving atomic particles that rotate around a nucleus in the atomic structure of elements (e.g. copper). Electricity is the movement of the electron's charge from one atom's electron to another by transfer of the charge. The "push" to move these charges is called "electro motive force" or EMF. This force is induced by a method, such as build up of a greater charge on electrons in one area then another. When you want the electrons to do work you must have them move their charge. This is called current flow, measured in amperes, or just amp. An amp is a measure of a certain number (a BIG number) of electrons past a point. When the electons have their charge "flow" through a wire, the current cause a magnetic build-up to occur around the wire - this is called flux. The flux can be induced into other material - e.g. other wires) to do useful work. This is the case with a motor, which uses the flux to have the magnetic forces cause movement - useful work. In the case of a clothes iron, there is no movement but the flow of electrons cause heat to build up. This is a simplistic explanation but think of it as an electron is a bucket of water and electricity is a channel of flowing water.

Chemical bonds can be only produced by gaining, losing or sharing electrons.

If a compound is formed by losing or gaining electrons, it is called an ionic bond and if by sharing electrons, it is called a covalent bond.

Tin typically has a configuration of [Kr] 5s^2 4d^10 5p^2 when it is a neutral atom. If tin forms an ion by losing two electrons, it would have a configuration of [Kr] 5s^2 4d^10, as it would lose its two outermost electrons from the 5p orbital.

The electron configuration of argon is [Ne]3s23p6.

When muons are injected into a material, their spins can precess due to the magnetic field in the material, enabling studies of the material's magnetic properties. The spin relaxation time of muons provides information on the dynamics of the electronic and magnetic environments in the material, helping to understand phenomena like spin fluctuations, disorder, and relaxation mechanisms. Experimental techniques like muon spin rotation and relaxation spectroscopy are powerful tools in condensed matter physics research.

Neutrons do not have an electrical charge, so they are considered electrically neutral. They have a neutral charge because they contain equal numbers of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons.

Metals lose electrons and form cations to get a full octet.

takes in NADH which is converted into polar hydrogen ions which are fed into the ATP synthase to ultimately create ATP. The proteins in the electron transport chain will fall off after the NADH has gone through. Each protein that falls off create two hydrogen ions and one oxygen ion which bond together creating water in the cell.

Neutrons are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom along with protons. They have no electric charge, and their presence helps stabilize the nucleus of the atom. Neutrons play a crucial role in nuclear reactions and are essential for the formation of elements in stars through processes like nuclear fusion.

The species that remains when an acid has lost a proton is called the conjugate base of the acid. It is formed by the acid donating a proton (H+) and becoming negatively charged. The conjugate base has one less proton compared to the original acid.