Particle Physics

Protons are made up of subatomic particles, called quarks. In a proton, there are three quarks: two up quarks, and one down quark (basically positive and negative quarks, but there is a fine difference between up and positive, and down and negative quarks, so down and up are used when referring to types of quarks). So, a proton isn't just a positively charged, solid particle - it is made up of smaller particles. Though, protons aren't broken down any further than quarks, because quarks are elementary particles. Elementary particles are particles that aren't made up of anything smaller than itself.

There are 3 generations of quarks; each generation having 2 different quarks within it. Thus, there are 3 X 2 = 6 types of quarks. Their names are up, down, strange, charm, top, and bottom. Each of these 6 quarks has a unique antiparticle associated with it. Thus, there are in fact 6 X 2 = 12 different quarks in total.

Anti matter is matter identical to natural matter as we know it in every way except that its charges are opposite. An entire galaxy could be made out of anti matter and it could function the same exact way our galaxy functions. Anti matter is considered unstable because it will instantly destroy itself upon contact with natural matter. This reaction is considered 100% energy efficient (nuclear fission is 1.5% efficient).

Neutrons function as the atomic glue that holds the nucleus together. They help stabilize the protons in the nucleus, preventing them from repelling each other due to their positive charge. The number of neutrons in an atom can affect its stability and the type of chemical reactions it can undergo.

J.J.Thomas discovered that atoms have negatively charged particles called

electrons. He discovered this using the Cathode Ray. The cathode ray is a beam of electrons emitted by the cathode of an electrical discharged tube.

Subatomic particles such as protons and electrons play a crucial role in chemical reactions. For example, protons determine the identity of an element, while electrons are involved in forming chemical bonds between atoms, leading to the creation of compounds. Understanding the behavior of these particles helps explain the fundamental principles of chemistry.

Electrons in an atom are distributed into different energy levels or orbitals based on the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule. Electrons fill the lowest energy levels first before moving to higher energy levels. The distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals is determined by the electron configuration of that atom.

Neutrons have no net charge, they are electrically neutral, hence their name "neutron".

No it is not. Fire is a chemical reaction involving matter (molecules). You could have and anti-matter fire however. It would be hot just like regular fire but not as hot if you mixed the anti-matter and matter fuel. The mutual annihilation would release a lot of energy in accordance with E=MC².

Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller than atoms. There are two different types of subatomic particles: elementary particles and composite particles. The first subatomic particle that was discovered was the electron. It was first theorized to exist by G. Johnstone Stoney in 1874 and was confirmed to exist in 1897 by J.J. Thomson.

Electrons are not typically transferred during a combustion reaction, as it is a rapid chemical reaction involving the oxidation of a fuel source in the presence of oxygen to produce heat and light. Instead, the reaction involves the transfer of atoms and rearrangement of chemical bonds.

The subatomic particle that defines the element is the proton. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines the element's atomic number, which differentiates one element from another on the periodic table.

The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which defines the element. The number of protons also determines the positive charge of the nucleus, which balances the negative charge of the electrons, making the atom electrically neutral.

Both electrons and light exhibit properties of wave-particle duality, meaning they can behave as particles or waves depending on the situation. They both have energy associated with them – electrons have kinetic energy and potential energy, while light has energy determined by its wavelength. Both are crucial in the field of quantum mechanics and have fundamental roles in the behavior and interactions of matter.

the answer is 21. because you do 40-19

Monopoles are an abstraction which was created by Dirac. According modern physics monopoles don't exist. But there are some speculations in physics saying if monopoles exist how would it change this world.

Yes, protons are larger than electrons.

The elements formed in particle accelerators are usually called Synthetic Elements or Artifically Produced Elements. They are all Transuranium Elements (higher on the periodic table than Uranium), and twenty have been produced so far. Most of them disintegrate within a fraction of a second, some of them in such a short time that it is difficult to verify whether an element has been created or not.

In a sea of electrons, which is characteristic of metallic bonding, positively charged metal ions are surrounded by a "sea" of delocalized electrons that move freely within the structure. These delocalized electrons are not bound to any specific atom but are free to move throughout the lattice, leading to properties like high electrical conductivity and malleability in metals.

how many particles are in a electron cloud?

Theres the neutron, proton, and electron...just like any regular atom

and to answer ther second question, it depends on what atom your talking about. For example, a Hydrogen Atom has two electron, but there rotating is so fast that its hard to pin-point where exactly it is.

Try to imagine it as a fan, the wings are the electrons but when it rotates it looks like one single mass...

hopefully that helps

A proton is positive and an electron is negative

Protons are approximately 1,835 times the mass of the electron.

Protons are in the nucleus.

Electrons are in the 'shells'.

James Chadwick discovered the neutron, a subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom. He made this discovery in 1932, building upon the work of previous scientists in the field of atomic theory.

In the nucleus are located protons and neutrons. Orbiting the nuceuls are "shells" of electrons. There are actually various other, hypothetical, sub-atomic particles, including gluons (believed to hold neturons and protons together) and the as yet elusive Higgs-Boson particle (thought to give atoms their mass).

A muon is larger than a gluon. A muon is a subatomic particle that is about 200 times more massive than an electron, while a gluon is a massless particle that mediates the strong nuclear force in the Standard Model of particle physics.