Spectroscopy

Density is a measure of mass per unit of volume. Assuming no air leaks out while we compress it, the mass doesn't change. Since the volume is now half as much as before and the mass is the same, the density has doubled.

Zirconia, ZrO2, was synthesized by calcination of pure, sulfate-impregnated, and phosphate-impregnated Zr(OH)4 at different temperatures in the range from 600 to 1100°C for 5 h. Weight variant and invariant processes involved were monitored by thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The bulk structure and phase composition of the zirconias thus produced were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared absorption spectroscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The results have been correlated, so as to reveal the influence of the sulfate and phosphate additives on the zirconia polymorphic transitions as a function of temperature. Accordingly, phosphate species have been revealed to stabilize or influence stabilization of cubic-structured zirconia at temperatures as low as 600-900°C, where it is otherwise unstable. IR- and LRa-observed formation of Zr2P2O7 species (cubic-structured) is suggested to act as seed species for the stabilized cubic structure of zirconia. An analogous stabilizing influence was revealed for sulfate species, however, toward cubic and/or tetragonal zirconia, and functions within the thermal stability range of the sulfate (i.e. up to 720°C).

No, photons of different colors are emitted by atoms depending on their energy levels. A spectrometer can detect a range of photon wavelengths but may be designed to focus on specific colors depending on the experiment being conducted.

The transition probability is the likelihood that a particle will change from one state to another during a collision, whereas the cross section represents the effective area that the particle presents to a collision. The transition probability is related to the cross section by the formula: transition probability = cross section * particle flux, where the particle flux is the rate at which particles are incident on a target.

Refraction of light rays occurs when light passes through a medium with a different optical density, such as glass, causing the light rays to change direction. This bending of light rays is due to the change in speed of light as it moves from one medium to another.

Yes, a molecule can exhibit bond dipole moments if there is a difference in electronegativity between the atoms that make up the bond. However, if these bond dipole moments are arranged symmetrically and cancel each other out, the molecule will not have a net molecular dipole moment.

Mirage due to total internal reflection occurs when warm air near the ground bends light rays from the sky, creating a false or displaced image of distant objects. This phenomenon happens because of the temperature gradient that causes light to travel along a curved path, leading to the illusion of water or a reflective surface on the road.

I see a shirt with red and blue stripes as a combination of those two colors arranged in a striped pattern on a fabric material used to make the shirt. The red and blue stripes may be vertical, horizontal, or diagonal, depending on the design of the shirt.

Projectile motion in badminton is important as it helps players anticipate the trajectory of the shuttlecock and adjust their positioning and movements accordingly. Understanding projectile motion allows players to better control their shots by adjusting the angle and power of their hits to achieve desired results. It also helps in strategizing gameplay and predicting opponents' moves based on the projectile path of the shuttlecock.

Yes, TeO3 does not have a net dipole moment because the oxygen atoms are more electronegative than tellurium, resulting in a symmetrical molecular structure. The overall vector sum of the individual dipole moments cancels out, leading to a nonpolar molecule.

As the angle of incidence is increased, angle of deviation 'd' decreases and reaches minimum value. If the angle of incidence is further increased, the angle of deviation is increased. Let dm be the angle of minimum deviation. The refracted ray in the prism in that case will be parallel to the base.

To determine the wavelength using a spectrometer, you would pass light through the device and observe the resulting spectrum of wavelengths. The spectrometer will provide a readout or graph showing the intensity of light at different wavelengths, allowing you to identify the wavelength of interest based on the peak intensity. Additionally, calibrating the spectrometer with known wavelength sources can help accurately determine the wavelengths of unknown samples.

Potassium bromide (KBr) is used in FTIR spectroscopy as a sample preparation technique to create solid discs containing a small amount of the sample being analyzed. KBr is transparent in the infrared region and can easily be mixed with the sample material to form a uniform and stable mixture, ensuring accurate and reproducible results during FTIR analysis. Additionally, KBr has a low background signal in the IR spectrum, making it ideal for creating transparent and stable sample discs for FTIR measurements.

The sky has a blue colour because of the atmosphere, it holds back the red tinted light because it has an too short wavelength to reach your eye. Blue tinted light has, in contrary of the red tinted light, a long wavelength and is being reflected into your eye.

Mössbauer spectroscopy can provide valuable information on the magnetic properties of nanomaterials by revealing details about the hyperfine interactions between the nucleus and the electron cloud, such as magnetic hyperfine splitting and electric quadrupole splitting. This technique helps in understanding the magnetic structure, ordering, and dynamics of nanomaterials, including superparamagnetism and magnetic anisotropy. Mössbauer spectroscopy has been used to study various magnetic nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles and thin films, to investigate their magnetic properties for applications in data storage, magnetic sensors, and biomedical devices.

Purple potassium permanganate absorbs green and yellow wavelengths of light in a spectrophotometer, resulting in its characteristic purple color.

Simplified, it's because its shape. Water exists as an oxygen bonded to two hydrogens, one on either side. Rather than being linear, the slightly "V" shape of the molecule places the positively charged hydrogens out of a linear alignment with the negatively charged oxygen.

The charge: The charge on these atoms exist because oxygen is very electronegative, drawing most of the electron density towards itself. As a result it gains a partially negative charge and the hydrogen atoms and partially positive charge.

The shape: Normally, the hydrogens would want to be as far apart from each other as is possible, giving the molecule a linear formation. However, water exists in a "V" shape (some say it looks like it has Mickey Mouse ears) This shape is caused because oxygen has two loan pairs of electrons present in an electron cloud. The thick electron cloud takes up a lot of space, so they push the hydrogens away to a considerable degree. This gives water a strong dipole moment, making it a very polar molecule indeed.

Yellow (primary color)

Yellow-Green (tertiary color)

Green (secondary color)

Blue-Green (tertiary color)

Blue (primary color)

Blue-Purple (tertiary color)

Purple (secondary color)

Red-Purple (tertiary color)

Red (primary color)

Orange-Red (tertiary color)

Orange (secondary color)

Yellow-Orange (tertiary color)

(and then you are back at yellow)

initially the two beams i.e. one reflected and one transmitted from semi reflecting glass were in different phase but when they superimpose two interference take place - constructive and destructive. since in both the interferences amplitude changes.

An ordinary prism disperses light based on varying angles of refraction, resulting in different colors being separated at different angles. A constant deviation prism disperses light in such a way that all colors are dispersed at a constant angle, maintaining a consistent level of separation irrespective of wavelength.

The color of barium in flame is pale green.

IR gas analyzers work by measuring the absorption of infrared light by different gases. Each gas absorbs infrared light at specific wavelengths, allowing the analyzer to identify and quantify the gases present in a sample. The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the gas, which is then used to calculate the gas concentration in the sample.

The different vibrational modes in IR spectroscopy are stretching (symmetric and asymmetric) and bending (in-plane and out-of-plane) modes. Stretching modes involve changes in bond length, while bending modes involve changes in bond angle. Each functional group in a molecule has its own characteristic set of vibrational modes that can be identified in the IR spectrum.

The interplanar distance is the distance between parallel atomic planes within a crystal lattice. It is related to the cubic edge length by the Miller indices of the planes and the crystal system. In cubic crystals, the interplanar distance can be calculated using the formula: d = a / √(h^2 + k^2 + l^2), where 'a' is the cubic edge length and (hkl) are the Miller indices of the plane.

The atomic absorption spectrometer requires that the sample be atomized, broken down into individual atoms, before it is passed into the radiation beam for absorbance measurement. In flame AA, a liquid solution containing the sample is aspirated into a flame. This is achieved using a nebulizer, which mixes the sample solution with gaseous fuel and oxidant to form a uniformly mixed aerosol of the solution. There are several different phenomena which take place in the flame while the measurement is occurring. Each drop first dries to a small salt particle, then evaporates completely. The ion clusters heat further until they absorb enough energy to dissociate into free atoms in vapor state. The beam is passed through the flame and absorbance by the atomized species in the flame is measured. It should be noted that the absorbance is proportional to the concentration of ground state atoms in the flame.

The flame provides a complex and reactive atmosphere. Metal atoms can undergo chemical changes, forming, for example, refractory oxides or hydroxides. Atoms can also lose electrons to form ions. Any process which converts free ground state atoms to other forms lowers the sensitivity because the ground state atoms are the absorbing species.

Figure .24 shows a typical AA flame apparatus. The burner usually has a long narrow slot from which the flame emerges, and the light beam passes along the length of the slot. This allows for a longer absorbing path length, and better sensitivity. A commonly used flame is fueled with acetylene, with air for an oxidizer