Submarines

About 2,100 by many different countries.

All submarines have several methods by which they can determine a general navigational position or a precise navigational fix:

1. GPS Satellite Network or SatNav fix

2. Electronic Gyroscope

3. Dead Reckoning plot

4. Radio Bearing

5. Visual Aid (close to shore, e.g., lighthouse, landmark, etc.)

6. Sunline (Sextant can be used when surfaced, or attached to Periscope while submerged)

7. Radar

For target range calculation, it depends on whether or not it's a visual and Sonar target, just visual, or just on Sonar. Visually, range markers on the Periscope indicate estimated range, however unless circumstances warrant, that range will always be verified and compared with Sonar range.

Sonar ranges are determined over time by tracking the target through induced turns (zigs), either by the submarine or the target. Either way, the change in direction adds another leg to the target tracking solution; eventually an estimated range based on known, sound trigonometric calculations weil be formulated, either by computer (normal) or by hand (backup). The tracking solution takes into account several known variables given by Sonar:

1. Estimated target speed (RPM) and type (e.g., Merchant, Warship, Trawler, etc.)

2. Sonar bearing

3. Closing or Opening Range (target getting closer or moving away)

Sonar's given target tracking information is based on the current sound profile for the given operating area the submarine is in, as all information is based on the current speed of sound in water, which can change.

In the end, target speed, bearing, and course are the key factors in determining range prior to a torpedo shot; however, in most circumstances, the shooting submarine will check a target's range with all other information plotted with active Sonar echo ranging (usually only 1 or 2 pings to verify range). If the range matches the plot, the information is fed into the torpedo guidance computer prior to shooting.

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It depends on how much space you're allowed - NUG's and FLOB's (New Useless Guys and FreeLoading Oxygen Breathers) pretty much get rack space as their limit. If you're hot racking on Port/Starboard watches (12 hrs on/12 hrs off watch instead of the normal 6 on/18 off) with another person (you're sleeping in the rack while your buddy is on watch, then he's in it while you're on watch) then you share rack space, and your total gets halved. NUG's and FLOB's are usually too busy qualifying and studying, so they don't need that much anyway. It's even harder if you're on a longer deployment with riders and they're using portable temporary racks in the Torpedo room (nothing quite like sleeping next to a Mk 48 Torpedo or a Tomahawk missile), since even opening the rack is a real pain.

Cameras are a no-no unless you've got specific permission from the CO. Yes, the pics on my bio page were authorized - I always had a camera with me.

Most people new to submarine duty always take a lot more than they need. You only really need 2 or 3 uniforms and associated clothes, some civvies, media player of some type, reading material, etc. These days boats have DVD / BD players, so they don't have to load a ton of 16mm film movies like we used to for movies. Submariners wear Topsiders or some type of sneaker underway, which is arguably one of the best features of submarine duty.

Rack space is pretty tight - there's only about 4 inches (if that) of depth, and 6' long and 2' wide. The washer and dryer are usually going non-stop on long deployments, so clean stuff isn't a problem. Soap, deodorant, shaving gear and tooth stuff is mandatory, unless you really want to deal with the rest of the crew.

Over time, as you advance in rank and qualifications, you might get more space with lockers (e.g., I had 5 separate lockers for use, as I was the ship's PAO, Engraver, and Deck Division Supervisor) and you can always squeeze personal stuff in there. Back in the days when they didn't have soda machines, I brought a case of Coke with us to the North Pole in one of my lockers. I also lived on board for a few months, and I was allowed some extra space as a result. But I was also a Senior Petty Officer also; when I first came aboard, I didn't get squat for space.

Rule of thumb - pack light as you really don't need that much. If you're not on watch, you're training, eating or sleeping, so there's not much rec time anyway. Each CO will authorize or prohibit certain items as he sees fit (video games, etc.), but music players are pretty standard. You don't ever want to get caught screwing around if you're behind on training either, unless you want a world of hurt directed at you. Guys that aren't Qualified in Submarines or aren't at least qualified on their own systems have no business doing rec time when they could be working on qualification.

Ballistic Missile Submarine patrols are meant to provide the sea-based leg of the nation's strategic nuclear defense triad (sea, air, and land based strike/defense capability).

FBM submarines are given a designated area to patrol, that puts them within range of their targets should an order ever come. They avoid all contact with ships or other submarines, and do not respond via radio unless in emergencies or specifically instructed to by their respective commands.

FBM's have 2 crews that rotate every 3 months. One month is spent for transfer and refit of the boat, and the other 2 months are spent for transit and actual patrol time.

In Peace Time operations, very unlikely. I do know of on inciednt onboard a UK sub where an explosion killed 2 men

If hit by a torpeado from another sub or depth charge dropped by boat or plane, then you are pretty much dead.

If the submarine sinks to the sea floor (due to propulsion failure etc) and can't re-surface, then there are methods for crew rescue although it can be dangerous (especially if you are onboard a Russian sub)

What political group wanted to take power in Germany during WW1.

England

The Royal Navy Operates 6 Trafalgar class submarines and 1 Astute class. These submarines are called 'attack' or 'hunter-killer' submarines and have roles such as land attack using Tomahawk cruise missiles and anti-surface and anti-submarine roles using the Spearfish torpedo. They can also carry out surveillance and reconnaissanse.

The Royal Navy also has 4 Vanguard class submarines. These submarines are ballistic missile submarines. These submarines are responsible for the UK's nuclear detterent and use the Trident missile system. There is always at least one of these boats at sea at any given time.

Simon Lake or Thomas Edison?

No, hurricanes do not affect submarines operating below the surface. Sea conditions do not affect submarine operations because, in general, they run deep enough to avoid the swell on and near the surface.

£2.50 a Month Plum

Atlantic.

USN Gato class subs in WWII could about 20 knots surface, and about 9 knots underwater.

The U.S., in part, entered World War I due to the sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-Boat. Some of the Lusitania's passengers were American citizens.

By an electronic device called 'sonar' .

Nautilus.

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As of 2014, a submarine can travel between 49 and 52 miles per hour. The exact speed depends on the make of the sub and whether it is traveling on the surface or under water.

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hydrophones.

Modern Nuclear-powered & Diesel-Electric submarines are only limited by crew limitations, specifically food and other supplies. Without the need to replenish food, they can stay submerged indefinitely since oxygen is generated, carbon monoxide and dioxide is filtered, and potable water is distilled. However, DE submarines are also limited in range and time at sea by available fuel, while a Nuclear Powered boat doesn't have that problem.

My own personal longest submergence period is 72 days, though others have exceeded that limit. The Seahorse (SSN-669) during her circumnavigation of the globe in the 1982, spent over 180 total combined days submerged; they had only 2 ports of call during the entire mission, and they only lasted a few days each. The USS Parche (SSN-683) a Submarine Development boat, usually had the most submerged time in the submarine fleet, since her extreme classified missions did not allow her to make any Ports of Call. Her typical deployments were about 3-4 months, virtually all of that time submerged save for port exit and entrance.

After about 2 months, depending on what the mission is and whether or not the boat has been able to snorkel (and thus bring in fresh outside air), the crew starts getting a bit snappy and short tempered, and the air starts getting a bit stale if it hasn't been changed out. Filtered air is okay, but it gets old after a while. Other things like fruit and fresh vegetables are also a big deal, as well as fresh milk, since they're the first food items to get used after getting underway for a long mission. Long deployments also mean that most of the crew's complement is onboard, as well as any civilian riders required. That means it's a lot more cramped than usual. Hot bunking (3 crewmen sharing 2 bunks - 2 sleep while one is on watch) is common during long deployments, though typically assigned to junior crew members.

The Swiss-designed, Italian-built, United States Navy bathyscaphe Trieste reached the bottom at 1:06 p.m. on January 23, 1960, with U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard on board. Only three descents have ever been achieved. The first was the manned descent by Trieste in 1960. This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1996 and Nereus in 2009.

Standard emergency blow air tanks hold 3000psi air in them. However, they aren't normally used; during normal surfacing operations, a boat comes to periscope depth, raises its snorkel mast, then forces the water out using a Low Pressure Blower, which is essentially just a large hi-capacity fan. Sea pressure isn't that much above 100', so it takes a lot less pressure to force the water out with the LPB.