Technology

CompositionSnPbAgCuSbBiInZnCdAuoth.M.p. °C

S/LToxicEutecticCommentsPb98Sn2298

316/322[11]PbnoNon-critical sealing and joining. Body solder.Pb97Sn3397

314/320[12]PbnoSn3[12]Pb96Sn4496

299/310[11]PbnoUsed for coating steel and copper, to provide resistance against mild acids and seawater.Pb95Sn5595

308/312[13] 301/314[4]PbnoSn5, UNS L54320, ASTM5A, ASTM5B, Indalloy 171.[14] Low cost and good bonding properties. Used for coating steel and copper. Used in both SMT (Surface-mount technology) and through-hole electronics. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those.[15] useful for high-temperature service and step soldering. Remains ductile at very low temperatures, can be used for parts subject to vibration at cryogenic applications. Pb93.5Sn5Ag1.5 provides superior wetting and better strength.[16]Pb93Sn7793

288/308[11]PbnoUsed for coating steel to provide corrosion resistance, allows subsequent soldering.Pb90Sn101090

268/302[13] 275/302[12]PbnoSn10, UNS L54520, ASTM10B, Indalloy 159. Balls for CBGA components, replaced by SnAg3.9Cu0.6.[9] Low cost and good bonding properties. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those.[15] Used for fabrication of car radiators and fuel tanks, for coating and bonding of metals for moderate service temperatures. Body solder.[11] Has low thermal EMF, can be used as an alternative to Cd70 where parasitic thermocouple voltage has to be avoided.[17]Pb88Sn121288

254/296[11]PbnoUsed for fabrication of car radiators and fuel tanks, for coating and bonding of metals for moderate service temperatures. Body solder.Pb85Sn151585

227/288[11]PbnoUsed for coating tubes and sheets and fabrication of car radiators. Body solder.Pb80Sn202080

183/280[12]PbnoSn20, UNS L54711. Used for coating radiator tubes for joining fins.[11]Pb75Sn252575

183/266[13]PbnoCrude solder for construction plumbing works, flame-melted. Used for soldering car engine radiators. Used for machine, dip and hand soldering of plumbing fixtures and fittings. Superior body solder.[11]Pb70Sn303070

185/255[13] 183/257[12]PbnoSn30, UNS L54280, crude solder for construction plumbing works, flame-melted, good for machine and torch soldering.[18] Used for soldering car engine radiators. Used for machine, dip and hand soldering of plumbing fixtures and fittings. Superior body solder.[11]Pb68Sn323268

253Pbno"Plumber solder", for construction plumbing works[19]Pb68Sn30Sb23068

2

185/243[12]PbnoPb68Pb67Sn333367

187-230PbnoPM 33, crude solder for construction plumbing works, flame-melted, temperature depends on additivesPb65Sn353565

183/250[12]PbnoSn35. Used as a cheaper alternative of Sn60Pb40 for wiping and sweating joints.[11]Pb60Sn404060

183/238[13] 183/247[12]PbnoSn40, UNS L54915,. For soldering of brass and car radiators.[18] For bulk soldering, and where wider melting point range is desired. For joining cables. For wiping and joining lead pipes. For repairs of radiators and electrical systems.[11]Pb55Sn454555

183/227[11]PbnoFor soldering radiator cores, roof seams, and for decorative joints.Sn50Pb505050

183/216[13] 183-212[12]PbnoSn50, UNS L55030,. "Ordinary solder", for soldering of brass, electricity meters, gas meters, formerly also tin cans. General purpose, for standard tinning and sheetmetal work. Becomes brittle below −150 °C.[10][19] Low cost and good bonding properties. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those.[15] For wiping and assembling plumbing joints for non-potable water.[11]Sn50Pb49Cu15049

1

183/215[12]PbnoCu1Sn50Pb48.5Cu1.55048.5

1.5

183/215[20]PbnoSavbit, Savbit 1, Sav1. Minimizes dissolution of copper. Originally designed to reduce erosion of the soldering iron tips. About 100 times slower erosion of copper than ordinary tin/lead alloys. Suitable for soldering thin copper platings and very thin copper wires.[16]Sn60Pb406040

183/190[13] 183/188[12]PbnearSn60, ASTM60A, ASTM60B. Common in electronics, most popular leaded alloy for dipping. Low cost and good bonding properties. Used in both SMT and through-hole electronics. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those.[15] Slightly cheaper than Sn63Pb37, often used instead for cost reasons as the melting point difference is insignificant in practice. On slow cooling gives slightly duller joints than Sn63Pb37.[16]Sn60Pb38Cu26038

2

183/190[12][21]Pb

Cu2. Copper content increases hardness of the alloy and inhibits dissolution of soldering iron tips and part leads in molten solder.Sn60Pb39Cu16039

1

Pbno

Sn62Pb386238

183Pbnear"Tin man's solder"[19]Sn63Pb376337

182 183[22]PbyesSn63, ASTM63A, ASTM63B. Common in electronics; exceptional tinning and wetting properties, also good for stainless steel. One of most common solders. Low cost and good bonding properties. Used in both SMT and through-hole electronics. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those.[15] Sn60Pb40 is slightly cheaper and is often used instead for cost reasons, as the melting point difference is insignificant in practice. On slow cooling gives slightly brighter joints than Sn60Pb40.[16]Sn63Pb37P0.0015-0.046337

P183[23]PbyesSn63PbP. A special alloy for HASL machines. Addition of phosphorus reduces oxidation. Unsuitable for wave soldering as it may form metal foam.Sn62Pb37Cu16237

1

183[21]PbyesSimilar to Sn63Pb37. Copper content increases hardness of the alloy and inhibits dissolution of soldering iron tips and part leads in molten solder.Sn70Pb307030

183/193[13]PbnoSn70Sn90Pb109010

183/213[12]Pbnoformerly used for joints in food industrySn95Pb5955

238Pbnoplumbing and heatingPb92Sn5.5Ag2.55.5922.5

286/301[21]PbnoFor higher-temperature applications.Pb80Sn12Sb81280

8

PbnoUsed for soldering iron and steel[19]Pb80Sn18Ag218802

252/260[12]PbnoUsed for soldering iron and steel[19]Pb79Sn20Sb12079

1

184/270PbnoSb1Pb55Sn43.5Sb1.543.555

1.5

PbnoGeneral purpose solder. Antimony content improves mechanical properties but causes brittleness when soldering cadmium, zinc, or galvanized metals.[19]Sn43Pb43Bi144343

14

144/163[13]PbnoBi14, Indalloy 97. Good fatigue resistance combined with low melting point. Contains phases of tin and lead-bismuth.[24] Useful for step soldering.Sn46Pb46Bi84646

8

120/167[12]PbnoBi8Bi52Pb32Sn161632

52

96Pbyes?Bi52. Good fatigue resistance combined with low melting point. Reasonable shear strength and fatigue properties. Combination with lead-tin solder may dramatically lower melting point and lead to joint failure.[24]Bi46Sn34Pb203420

46

100/105[12]PbnoBi46Sn62Pb36Ag262362

179[13]PbyesSn62. Common in electronics. The strongest tin-lead solder. Appearance identical to Sn60Pb40 or Sn63Pb37. Crystals of Ag3Sn may be seen growing from the solder. Extended heat treatment leads to formation of crystals of binary alloys. Silver content decreases solubility of silver, making the alloy suitable for soldering silver-metallized surfaces, e.g. SMD capacitors and other silver-metallized ceramics.[10][16][24] Not recommended for gold.[15] General-purpose.Sn62.5Pb36Ag2.562.5362.5

179[13]Pbyes

Pb88Sn10Ag210882

268/290[13] 267/299[25]PbnoSn10, Pb88, Indalloy 228. Silver content reduces solubility of silver coatings in the solder. Not recommended for gold.[15] Forms a eutectic phase, not recommended for operation above 120 °C.Pb90Sn5Ag55905

292[13]Pbyes

Pb92.5Sn5Ag2.5592.52.5

287/296[13] 299/304[12]PbnoPb93, Indalloy 151. Similar to Indalloy 165.Pb93.5Sn5Ag1.5593.51.5

296/301[13] 305/306[12]PbnoPb94, HMP alloy, HMP. Service temperatures up to 255 °C. Useful for step soldering. Also can be used for extremely low temperatures as it remains ductile down to −200 °C, while solders with more than 20% tin become brittle below −70 °C. Higher strength and better wetting than Pb95Sn5.[16]Pb95.5Sn2Ag2.5295.52.5

299/304[13]Pbno

In97Ag3

3

97

143[26]-yesIndalloy 290. Wettability and low-temperature malleability of indium, strength improved by addition of silver. Particularly good for cryogenic applications. Used for packaging of photonic devices.In90Ag10

10

90

143/237[27]-noIndalloy 3. Nearly as wettable and low-temperature malleable as indium. Large plastic range. Can solder silver, fired glass and ceramics.In75Pb25

25

75

156/165[15]PbnoLess gold dissolution and more ductile than lead-tin alloys. Used for die attachment, general circuit assembly and packaging closures.[15]In70Pb30

30

70

160/174[13] 165/175[12][28]PbnoIn70, Indalloy 204. Suitable for gold, low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties.In60Pb40

40

60

174/185[13] 173/181[12]PbnoIn60, Indalloy 205. Low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties.In50Pb50

50

50

180/209[15] 178/210[12]PbnoIn50, Indalloy 7. Only one phase. Resoldering with lead-tin solder forms indium-tin and indium-lead phases and leads to formation of cracks between the phases, joint weakening and failure.[24] On gold surfaces gold-indium intermetallics tend to be formed, and the joint then fails in the gold-depleted zone and the gold-rich intermetallic.[29] Less gold dissolution and more ductile than lead-tin alloys.[15] Good thermal fatigue properties.In50Sn5050

50

118/125[30]-noIndalloy 1, Cerroseal 35. Fairly well wets glass, quartz and many ceramics. Malleable, can compensate some thermal expansion differences. Low vapor pressure. Used in low temperature physics as a glass-wetting solder.[31]In70Sn15Pb9.6Cd5.4159.6

70

5.4

125[32]Pb,Cd

Indalloy 13Pb75In25

75

25

250/264[15] 240/260[33]PbnoIn25, Indalloy 10. Low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties. Used for die attachment of e.g. GaAs dies.[29] Used also for general circuit assembly and packaging closures. Less dissolution of gold and more ductile than tin-lead alloy.[15]Sn70Pb18In127018

12

162[13]

154/167[34]PbyesIndalloy 9. General purpose. Good physical properties.Sn37.5Pb37.5In2537.537.5

25

134/181[15]PbnoGood wettability. Not recommended for gold.[15]Pb90In5Ag5

905

5

290/310[13]Pbno

Pb92.5In5Ag2.5

92.52.5

5

300/310[13]PbnoUNS L51510, Indalloy 164. Minimal leaching of gold, good thermal fatigue properties. Reducing atmosphere frequently used..Pb92.5In5Au2.5

92.5

5

2.5

300/310[12]PbnoIn5Pb94.5Ag5.5

94.55.5

305/364[12] 304/343[35]PbnoAg5.5, UNS L50180, Indalloy 229Pb95Ag5

955

305/364[36]PbnoIndalloy 175Pb97.5Ag2.5

97.52.5

303[13] 304[12] 304/579[37]Pbyes noAg2.5, UNS L50132, Indalloy 161. Used during World War II to conserve tin. Poor corrosion resistance; joints suffered corrosion in both atmospheric and underground conditions, all had to be replaced with Sn-Pb alloy joints.[38] Torch solder.Sn97.5Pb1Ag1.597.511.5

305PbyesImportant for hybrid circuits assembly.[10]Pb97.5Ag1.5Sn1197.51.5

309[13]PbyesAg1.5, ASTM1.5S, Indalloy 165. High melting point, used for commutators, armatures, and initial solder joints where remelting when working on nearby joints is undesirable.[18] Silver content reduces solubility of silver coatings in molten solder. Not recommended for gold.[15] Standard PbAgSn eutectic solder, wide use in semiconductor assembly. Reducing protective atmosphere (e.g. 12% hydrogen) often used. High creep resistance, for use at both elevated and cryogenic temperatures.Pb54Sn45Ag145541

177-210Pb

exceptional strength, silver gives it a bright long-lasting finish; ideal for stainless steel[18]Pb96Ag4

964

305Pb

high-temperature joints[18]Pb96Sn2Ag22962

252/295[12]Pb

Pb96Sn61Pb36Ag361363

Pb

[10]Sn56Pb39Ag556395

Pb

[10]Sn98Ag298

2

-

[10]Sn65Ag25Sb1065

25

10

233-yesIndalloy 209. Very high tensile strength. For die attachment. Very brittle. Old Motorola die attach solder.Sn96.5Ag3.0Cu0.596.5

30.5

217/220 217/218[12][39]-nearSAC305, Indalloy 256, SN97C. Predominantly used in Japan. It is the JEITA recommended alloy for wave and reflow soldering, with alternatives SnCu for wave and SnAg and SnZnBi for reflow soldering. Usable also for selective soldering and dip soldering. At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect (e.g. increased bridging). Copper content must be maintained between 0.4-0.85%, e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn97Ag3 alloy (designated e.g. SN97Ce). Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation. Dull, surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals.Sn95.8Ag3.5Cu0.795.8

3.50.7

217-218-nearSN96C-Ag3.5 A commonly used alloy. Used for wave soldering. Usable also for selective soldering and dip soldering. At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect (e.g. increased bridging). Copper content must be maintained between 0.4-0.85%, e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn96.5Ag3.5 alloy (designated e.g. SN96Ce). Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation. Dull, surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals.Sn95.6Ag3.5Cu0.995.6

3.50.9

217-yesDetermined by NIST to be truly eutectic.Sn95.5Ag3.8Cu0.795.5

3.80.7

217[40]-almostSN96C. Preferred by the European IDEALS consortium for reflow soldering. Usable also for selective soldering and dip soldering. At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect (e.g. increased bridging). Copper content must be maintained between 0.4-0.85%, e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn96.2Ag3.8 alloy (designated e.g. SN96Ce). Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation. Dull, surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals.Sn95.25Ag3.8Cu0.7Sb0.2595.25

3.80.70.25

-

Preferred by the European IDEALS consortium for wave soldering.Sn95.5Ag3.9Cu0.695.5

3.90.6

217[41]-yesIndalloy 252. Recommended by the US NEMI consortium for reflow soldering. Used as balls for BGA/CSP and CBGA components, a replacement for Sn10Pb90. Solder paste for rework of BGA boards.[9] Alloy of choice for general SMT assembly.Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.595.5

40.5

217[42]-yesIndalloy 246. Prior-art use makes it patent-free.Sn96.5Ag3.596.5

3.5

221[13]-yesSn96, Sn96.5, 96S, Indalloy 121. Fine lamellar structure of densely distributed Ag3Sn. Annealing at 125 °C coarsens the structure and softens the solder.[9] Creeps via dislocation climb as a result of lattice diffusion.[8] Used as wire for hand soldering rework; compatible with SnCu0.7, SnAg3Cu0.5, SnAg3.9Cu0.6, and similar alloys. Used as solder spheres for BGA/CSP components. Used for step soldering and die attachment in high power devices. Established history in the industry.[9] Widely used. Strong lead-free joints. Silver content minimizes solubility of silver coatings. Not recommended for gold.[15] Marginal wetting. Good for step soldering. Used for soldering stainless steel as it wets stainless steel better than other soft solders. Silver content does not suppress dissolution of silver metallizations.[16] High tin content allows absorbing significant amount of gold without embrittlement.[43]Sn96Ag496

4

221-229-noASTM96TS. "Silver-bearing solder". Food service equipment, refrigeration, heating, air conditioning, plumbing.[18] Widely used. Strong lead-free joints. Silver content minimizes solubility of silver coatings. Not recommended for gold.[15]Sn95Ag595

5

221/240[15]-noSn95. Widely used. Strong lead-free joints. Silver content minimizes solubility of silver coatings. Not recommended for gold.[15]Sn95Ag4Cu195

41

-

Sn99.99

232-pureSn99. Good strength, non-dulling. Use in food processing equipment, wire tinning, and alloying.[18] Susceptible to tin pest.Sn99.3Cu0.799.3

0.7

(Ni)227-yesIndalloy 244, Sn99Cu1. Also designated as Sn99Cu1. Cheap alternative for wave soldering, recommended by the US NEMI consortium. Coarse microstructure with ductile fractures. Sparsely distributed Cu6Sn5.[44] Forms large dendritic β-tin crystals in a network of eutectic microstructure with finely dispersed Cu6Sn5. High melting point unfavorable for SMT use. Low strength, high ductility. Susceptible to tin pest.[8] Addition of small amount of nickel increases its fluidity; the highest increase occurs at 0.06% Ni. Such alloys are known as nickel modifiedor nickel stabilized.[45] An example with 0.05% Ni is designated SN100C. The properties degrade with dissolved copper; at above 0.85% the alloy tends to form bridges between part leads. At above 0.9% Cu needles of copper-tin intermetallic precipitate and settle at the bottom of the solder bath. The alloy attacks steel less than the tin-silver-copper alloys, allowing use of stainless steel solder pots. Slower wetting than Sn63Pb37.[46]Sn99Cu0.7Ag0.399

0.30.7

217/228[47]-noSCA, SAC, or SnAgCu. Tin-silver-copper alloy. Relatively low-cost lead-free alloy for simple applications. Can be used for wave, selective and dip soldering. At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect (e.g. increased bridging). Copper content must be maintained between 0.4-0.85%, e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn96.2Ag3.8 alloy (designated e.g. SN96Ce). Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation. Dull, surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals.Sn97Cu397

3

227/250[48] 232/332[11]-

For high-temperature uses. Allows removing insulation from an enameled wire and applying solder coating in a single operation. For radiator repairs, stained glass windows, and potable water plumbing.Sn97Cu2.75Ag0.2597

0.252.75

228/314[11]-

High hardness, creep-resistant. For radiators, stained glass windows, and potable water plumbing. Excellent high-strength solder for radiator repairs. Wide range of patina and colors.Zn100

100

419-pureFor soldering aluminium. Good wettability of aluminium, relatively good corrosion resistance.[49]Bi100

100

271-pureUsed as a non-superconducting solder in low-temperature physics. Does not wet metals well, forms a mechanically weak joint.[31]Sn91Zn991

9

199-yesIndalloy 201. Cheaper alloy, prone to corrosion and oxidation. Recommended for soldering aluminium.[19] Fair wetting of aluminium, fair corrosion rating.[38] Room temperature tensile strength twice of SnPb37. High drossing. Solder paste has short shelf-life.Zn95Al5

95

Al5382-yesFor soldering aluminium. Good wetting.[49]Sn91.8Bi4.8Ag3.491.8

3.4

4.8

211/213[50]-noIndalloy 249. Do not use on lead-containing metallizations. U.S. Patent 5,439,639 (ICA Licensed Sandia Patent).Sn70Zn3070

30

199/311-noFor soldering of aluminium. Good wetting.[38]Pb63Sn35Sb23563

2

185/243[12]PbnoSb2Pb63Sn34Zn33463

3

170/256PbnoPoor wetting of aluminium. Poor corrosion rating.[38]Pb92Cd8

92

8

310?Pb,Cd?For soldering aluminium. US patent 1,333,666.[51]Sn48Bi32Pb204820

32

140/160[21]PbnoFor low-temperature soldering of heat-sensitive parts, and for soldering in the vicinity of already soldered joints without their remelting.Sn89Zn8Bi389

3

8

191-198-

Prone to corrosion and oxidation due to its zinc content. On copper surfaces forms a brittle Cu-Zn intermetallic layer, reducing the fatigue resistance of the joint; nickel plating of copper inhibits this.[52]Sn83.6Zn7.6In8.883.6

8.87.6

181/187[53]-noIndalloy 226. High dross due to zinc. Covered by U.S. Patent #5,242,658.Sn86.5Zn5.5In4.5Bi3.586.5

3.54.55.5

174/186[54]-noIndalloy 231. Lead-free. Corrosion concerns and high drossing due to zinc content.Sn86.9In10Ag3.186.9

3.1

10

204/205[55]-

Indalloy 254. Potential use in flip-chip assembly, no issues with tin-indium eutectic phase.Sn95Ag3.5Zn1Cu0.595

3.50.5

1

221L[52]-no

Sn95Sb595

5

235/240[13] 232/240[12]-noSb5, ASTM95TA, Indalloy 133. The US plumbing industry standard. It displays good resistance to thermal fatigue and good shear strength. Forms coarse dendrites of tin-rich solid solution with SbSn intermetallic dispersed between. Very high room-temperature ductility. Creeps via viscous glide of dislocations by pipe diffusion. More creep-resistant than SnAg3.5. Antimony can be toxic. Used for sealing chip packagings, attaching I/O pins to ceramic substrates, and die attachment; a possible lower-temperature replacement of AuSn.[8] High strength and bright finish. Use in air conditioning, refrigeration, some food containers, and high-temperature applications.[18] Good wettability, good long-term shear strength at 100 °C. Suitable for potable water systems. Used for stained glass, plumbing, and radiator repairs.Sn97Sb397

3

232/238[56]-noIndalloy 131Sn99Sb199

1

232/235[57]-noIndalloy 129Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.799

0.30.7

-

Sn96.2Ag2.5Cu0.8Sb0.596.2

2.50.80.5

217-225 217[12]-

Ag03A. Patented by AIM alliance.Sn88In8.0Ag3.5Bi0.588

3.5

0.58

197-208-

Patented by Matsushita/Panasonic.Bi57Sn42Ag142

1

57

137/139 139/140[58]-

Indalloy 282. Addition of silver improves mechanical strength. Established history of use. Good thermal fatigue performance. Patented by Motorola.Bi58Sn4242

58

138[13][15]-yesBi58, Indalloy 281, Indalloy 138, Cerrothru. Reasonable shear strength and fatigue properties. Combination with lead-tin solder may dramatically lower melting point and lead to joint failure.[24] Low-temperature eutectic solder with high strength.[15] Particularly strong, very brittle.[13] Used extensively in through-hole technology assemblies in IBM mainframe computers where low soldering temperature was required. Can be used as a coating of copper particles to facilitate their bonding under pressure/heat and creating a conductive metallurgical joint.[52] Sensitive to shear rate. Good for electronics. Used in thermoelectric applications. Good thermal fatigue performance.[59] Established history of use. Expands slightly on casting, then undergoes very low further shrinkage or expansion, unlike many other low-temperature alloys which continue changing dimensions for some hours after solidification.[31]Bi58Pb42

42

58

124/126[60]Pb

Indalloy 67In80Pb15Ag5

155

80

142/149[12]

149/154[61]PbnoIn80, Indalloy 2. Compatible with gold, minimum gold-leaching. Resistant to thermal fatigue. Can be used in step soldering.Pb60In40

60

40

195/225[12]PbnoIn40, Indalloy 206. Low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties.Pb70In30

70

30

245/260[12]PbnoIn30Sn37.5Pb37.5In2637.537.5

26

134/181[12]PbnoIn26Sn54Pb26In205426

20

130/154[12] 140/152[62]PbnoIn20, Indalloy 532Pb81In19

81

19

270/280[12] 260/275[63]PbnoIn19, Indalloy 150. Low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties.In52Sn4848

52

118-yesIn52, Indalloy 1E. Suitable for the cases where low-temperature soldering is needed. Can be used for glass sealing.[52] Sharp melting point. Good wettability of glass, quartz, and many ceramics. Good low-temperature malleability, can compensate for different thermal expansion coefficients of joined materials.Sn52In4852

48

118/131[13]-novery low tensile strengthSn58In4258

42

118/145[64]-noIndalloy 87Sn51.2Pb30.6Cd18.251.230.6

18.2

145[65]Pb,CdyesIndalloy 181. General-purpose. Maintains creep strength well. Unsuitable for gold.Sn77.2In20Ag2.877.2

2.8

20

175/187[66]-noIndalloy 227. Similar mechanical properties with Sn63Pb37, Sn62Pb36Ag2 and Sn60Pb40, suitable lead-free replacement. Contains eutectic Sn-In phase with melting point at 118 °C, avoid use above 100 °C.In74Cd26

74

26

123[67]CdyesIndalloy 253.In61.7Bi30.8Cd7.5

30.861.7

7.5

62[68]CdyesIndalloy 18Bi47.5Pb25.4Sn12.6Cd9.5In512.625.4

47.55

9.5

57/65[69]Pb,CdnoIndalloy 140Bi48Pb25.4Sn12.8Cd9.6In412.825.4

48

9.6

61/65[70]Pb,CdnoIndalloy 147Bi49Pb18Sn15In181518

4918

58/69[71]PbnoIndalloy 21Bi49Pb18Sn12In211218

4921

58PbyesCerrolow 136. Slightly expands on cooling, later shows slight shrinkage in couple hours afterwards. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics.[31]Bi50.5Pb27.8Sn12.4Cd9.312.427.8

50.5

9.3

70/73[72]Pb,CdnoIndalloy 22Bi50Pb26.7Sn13.3Cd1013.326.7

50

10

70Pb,CdyesCerrobend. Used in low-temperature physics as a solder.[31]Bi44.7Pb22.6In19.1Cd5.3Sn8.38.322.6

44.719.1

5.3

47Cd,PbyesIndalloy 117, Cerrolow 117. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics.[31]In60Sn4040

60

113/122[13]-no

In51.0Bi32.5Sn16.516.5

32.551

60.5-yesField's metalBi49.5Pb27.3Sn13.1Cd10.113.127.3

49.5

10.1

70.9Pb,CdyesLipowitz MetalBi50.0Pb25.0Sn12.5Cd12.512.525

50

12.5

71Pb,CdyesWood's metal, mostly used for casting.Bi50.0Pb31.2Sn18.818.831.2

50

97PbnoNewton's metalBi50Pb28Sn222228

50

109PbnoRose's metal. It was used to secure cast iron railings and balusters in pockets in stone bases and steps. Does not contract on cooling.Cd95Ag5

5

95

338/393

340/395[73]Cd

Indalloy 185. melts at 338 °C, flows at 393 °C; for high-temperature applications, for soldering aluminium to itself or to other metals.[19] Braze 053. For medium-strength joints. For low-temperature brazing.Cd82.5Zn17.5

17.582.5

265Cd

For soldering aluminium and die-cast zinc alloys.[19] Used in cryogenic physics for ataching electrical potential leads to specimens of metals, as this alloy does not become superconductive at liquid helium temperatures.[31]Zn90Cd10

9010

265/399Cd

For soldering aluminium. Good wetting.[49]Zn60Cd40

6040

265/335Cd

For soldering aluminium. Very good wetting.[49]Cd70Sn3029.56

70.44

140/160[12]CdnoCd70, thermal-free solder. Produces low thermal EMF joints in copper, does not form parasitic thermocouples. Used in low-temperature physics.[31]Sn50Pb32Cd185032

18

145[12]Cd,Pb

Cd18Sn40Pb42Cd184042

18

145[74]Cd,Pb

LT145. Low melting temperature allows repairing pewter and zinc objects, including die-cast toys.Zn70Sn3030

70

199/376-noFor soldering aluminium. Excellent wetting.[38] Good strength.Zn60Sn4040

60

199/341-noFor soldering aluminium. Good wetting.[49]Zn95Sn55

95

382-yes?For soldering aluminium. Excellent wetting.[38]Sn90Au1090

10

217[75]-yesIndalloy 238.Au80Sn2020

80

280-yesAu80, Indalloy 182, Premabraze 800. Good wetting, high strength, low creep, high corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, high surface tension, zero wetting angle. Suitable for step soldering. The original flux-less alloy, does not need flux. Used for die attachment and attachment of metal lids to semiconductor packages, e.g. kovar lids to ceramic chip carriers. Coefficient of expansion matching many common materials. Due to zero wetting angle requires pressure to form a void-free joint. Alloy of choice for joining gold-plated and gold-alloy plated surfaces. As some gold dissolves from the surfaces during soldering and moves the composition to non-eutectic state (1% increase of Au content can increase melting point by 30 °C), subsequent desoldering requires higher temperature.[76] Forms a mixture of two brittle intermetallic phases, AuSn and Au5Sn.[77] Brittle. Proper wetting achieved usually by using nickel surfaces with gold layer on top on both sides of the joint. Comprehensively tested through military standard environmental conditioning. Good long-term electrical performance, history of reliability.[29] Low vapor pressure, suitable for vacuum work. Generally used in applications that require a melting temperature over 150°C.[78] Good ductility. Also classified as a braze.Au98Si2

98Si2370/800[12]-

Au98, Indalloy 194. A non-eutectic alloy used for die attachment of silicon dies. Ultrasonic assistance is needed to scrub the chip surface so a eutectic (3.1% Si) is reached at reflow.Au96.8Si3.2

96.8Si3.2370[12] 363[79]-yesAu97, Indalloy 184. [76] AuSi3.2 is a eutectic with melting point of 363 °C. AuSi forms a meniscus at the edge of the chip, unlike AuSn, as AuSi reacts with the chip surface. Forms a composite material structure of submicron silicon plates in soft gold matrix. Tough, slow crack propagation.[44]Au87.5Ge12.5

87.5Ge12.5361 356[12]-yesAu88, Indalloy 183. Used for die attachment of some chips.[13] The high temperature may be detrimental to the chips and limits reworkability.[29]Au82In18

18

82

451/485[12]-noAu82, Indalloy 178. High-temperature, extremely hard, very stiff.In100

99.99

157-pureIn99. Used for die attachment of some chips. More suitable for soldering gold, dissolution rate of gold is 17 times slower than in tin-based solders and up to 20% of gold can be tolerated without significant embrittlement. Good performance at cryogenic temperatures.[80] Wets many surfaces incl. quartz, glass, and many ceramics. Deforms indefinitely under load. Does not become brittle even at low temperatures. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics, will bond to aluminium. Can be used for soldering to thin metal films or glass with an ultrasonic soldering iron.[31]

Space technology is technology that is related to entering, and retrieving objects or life forms from space.

"Every day" technologies such as weather forecasting, remote sensing, GPS systems, satellite television, and some long distance communications systems critically rely on space infrastructure. Of sciences astronomy and Earth sciences (via remote sensing) most notably benefit from space technology.

Computers and telemetry were once leading edge technologies that might have been considered "space technology" because of their criticality to boosters and spacecraft. They existed prior to the Space Race of the Cold War (between the USSR and the USA.) but their development was vastly accelerated to meet the needs of the two major superpowers' space programs. While still used today in spacecraft and missiles, the more prosaic applications such as remote monitoring (via telemetry) of patients, water plants, highway conditions, etc. and the widespread use of computers far surpasses their space applications in quantity and variety of application.

Space is such an alien environment that attempting to work in it requires new techniques and knowledge. New technologies originating with or accelerated by space-related endeavors are often subsequently exploited in other economic activities. This has been widely pointed to as beneficial by space advocates and enthusiasts favoring the investment of public funds in space activities and programs. Political opponents counter that it would be far cheaper to develop specific technologies directly if they are beneficial and scoff at this justification for public expenditures on space-related research.