Not exactly. Adenovirus is a family of 40 different virus' that each cause severe cold-like symptoms. At one time the military did in fact have a vaccine and routinely immunized solders because the virus caused them alot of downtime. However, it was a live vaccine and caused do many side effects that they lost more time on active duty then if they had caught the virus itself. Today, the best prevention is good hygiene.

Unless there is some obscure local legislation, yes. The majority of shots can be give almost anywhere. Come places are more effective however it is possible to get a flu shot in the hip.

No

Tuberculosis , chicken pox , polio , rabies , influenza , lyme , mumps , measles , pertussis ,

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have published the following guidelines (a link to the CDC website with this information is provided in the related links section):

TIV [Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine] should be stored at 35°F--46°F (2°C--8°C) and should not be frozen. TIV that has been frozen should be discarded.

LAIV [Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine] should be stored at 35°F--46°F (2°C--8°C) on receipt and can remain at that temperature until the expiration date is reached.

Vaccines prepared for a previous influenza season should not be administered to provide protection for any subsequent season.

There are different kinds of H1N1 viruses, you can catch the exact same kind only once in your lifetime. The Type A, H1N1/09 influenza virus that caused the pandemic is different than other H1N1 viruses. So you could get infected by more than one type of H1N1 in your lifetime, but not the exact same Type A, H1N1/09.

Usually your body recognizes a very similar type of flu as the same and can prepare defenses for it quickly because of the prior immune response to the other one, but if different enough you will have to start over with a new immune response that allows time for the virus to make you feel ill before you can begin to "kill" the new type.

The answer is that you can catch the same one only once, but you can still catch all the other H1N1 viruses (one time each) after that.

Their immune systems are weaker and if they were to get whatever the vaccination was supposed to prevent or at least minimize, the results would be much worst for them. Small children, particularly infants, and the elderly are more likely to have serious consequences if they contact a disease.

Since only about 5% will have recurring outbreaks, it may not be worth getting the vaccine (unless you are one of the 5%).

Very very low. Usually if deaths occur as a result of a vaccination it is due to a severe allergic reaction in the individual. The safety record of the flu vaccines we have been using for decades in the US is very good and the vaccines are made the same way each year, only the type of virus strain(s) that are included in the vaccines to produce the immune response are different.

It depends on where in South Africa you are going to go. Some of the game reserve areas and parts of Kwazulu-Natal are high risk malaria areas so you will need to take malaria tablets before going. Tuberculosis is also rife in some parts of South Africa. It is also worthwhile to be vaccinated for tetanus before going to South Africa.

The minuscule amount of mercury from the thimerosal preservative used in some doses of influenza vaccine (single dose vials of the vaccines for the 2009 A-H1N1/09 have no thimerosal in them), may leave traces present in your body for a week or two.

However, to put this in perspective, the amount of mercury from that compound in the flu vaccine when used, is approximately 24.5 mcg of mercury per dose of vaccine. This is well below what a single serving of fish in the diet might contain.

Fish that contain lower amounts of mercury include catfish. It has been determined that for the amount of mercury in catfish to pose any potential danger, these hypothetical health risks from the mercury in catfish would only begin at a weekly intake of 342.8 ounces (21.4 pounds) of the fish. This should put into perspective the insignificance of the mercury from a flu shot. Scientific studies have proven no connection between thimerosal and untoward health consequences from vaccine use.

The vaccine that left a circular mark on some people's arms was the smallpox vaccination. Not all people got the mark. Some have the mark on their arm because they fussed over the vaccination site and sometimes the people jerked when they were pricked with the needle. The needle was not injected deeply into the muscle but pricked at the surface of the arm.

From the doctor, when they give you a vaccine.

eg. When I got my Q-fever vaccination, I needed to get 'serology' done first, where someone checked my blood sample to see if I already had antibodies to Q-fever. When it was confirmed that I didn't, I had to get the vaccine, and the doctor printed a certificate as 'proof' that I had been vaccinated. If my serology had shown that I DID have antibodies before vaccination (ie. I had already been exposed to the virus and had naturally produced them), I would not have had the vaccine (it would have been detrimental - that's why the serology check was important, and the skin-prick test with a SMALL bit of the vaccine to see if I reacted to it). If my serology showed positive, I would have been given a certificate to say that I did NOT need the vaccine and already had antibodies.

Reason for doing all of this: employers can be liable if you get Q-fever and end up lethargic for months, recurrent, for the rest of your life. It is therefore their responsibility to ensure you have appropriate protection against work hazards - eg. if you end up working with sheep/cattle/etc. I paid for my own (it was expensive), but if you are working in a high-Q-fever-risk-job, you can often ask your employer to pay it for you, or you can claim it back on tax (the second option is less preferable if you are beneath the tax-paying threshold and you claim all of your tax back regardless)

It takes one week for the vaccine to be effective. You can still protect yourself against Typhoid even without the vaccination. Take precautions with food and drinks while in an effected area: (From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) "Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it" If you drink water, buy it bottled or bring it to a rolling boil for 1 minute before you drink it. Bottled carbonated water is safer than uncarbonated water. Ask for drinks without ice unless the ice is made from bottled or boiled water. Avoid popsicles and flavored ices that may have been made with contaminated water. Eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked and that are still hot and steaming. Avoid raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled. Vegetables like lettuce are easily contaminated and are very hard to wash well. When you eat raw fruit or vegetables that can be peeled, peel them yourself. (Wash your hands with soap first.) Do not eat the peelings. Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors. It is difficult for food to be kept clean on the street, and many travelers get sick from food bought from street vendors.

Vaccines are usually small amount of the disease you are trying to prevent. Introducing small amounts of the virus or bacteria, whether it is live or inactive, stimulate your immune system to strengthen its defenses against that germ.

Yes, the name chickenpox was actually called varicella but they changed it after they found out what it originally came to be and how it works.

The injected vaccinations approved for use in the US for H1N1/09 can be given to babies as young as 6 months. Vaccinations are not given to younger babies because their immune systems are not mature enough to deal with the immune response needed for vaccinations to work. It is important that all those in contact with infants under 6 months get their vaccinations so they do not bring home the flu to babies at high risk due to their immature immune systems.

The nasal mist vaccines can be given to children 2 and older.

Check with your pediatrician for the best information on the appropriateness of the vaccinations for your children.

In a vaccination you will receive a version of the pathogen (disease) that can not make you sick because it is inactive or significantly weakened. It will be introduced into your body with an injection or sometimes using oral or nasal formulations. Your immune system will then produce antibodies, which will kill or deactivate the introduced pathogen. Therefore, if an active/live pathogen would enter your body later, your immune system would be quickly able to produce more of the same type of antibodies, as they will recognizethe organism that caused the infection and know what antibodies will work on it. Boosters then might be used over the years to essentially remind the immune system how to defend your body against the pathogen.

No.

Sometimes.

I believe there are some situations in which specific jobs requiring interaction with the segment of the public who have a high risk for serious complications or even death from the flu may need to have requirements for vaccination of those employees who work with those at risk to prevent the staff from infecting the high risk population with their diseases and to protect the staff. This would most often be a need in health care service employment for certain positions. I believe that the employers in those areas should be responsible for protecting their employees and their patients.

However, that said, there are also people who, through no fault of their own, can not take vaccinations (e.g., allergies, their own health issues, etc.). Because of this, if there is to be a requirement for vaccination to do the job, there should also be a plan to reassign those employees who can not be vaccinated to other jobs without direct contact with the vulnerable, to protect the employees and to protect the patient population. This is best implemented as a volunteer program with proper education about the pros and cons of vaccination provided to all employees.

There are very many rumors, myths, and a lot of misinformation being passed around about the vaccines for the H1N1/09 flu, and people who listen to this non-scientific and incorrect information become afraid and don't want to get the shot. The risks of having the flu and getting very ill or even dying are low but they are still greater than any risks that might be associated with the vaccination. The vaccination is being made the exact same way and with the exact ingredients as the seasonal flu shots that have a very good safety record over a period of decades now. The only thing different are the pieces of the dead or weak viruses that are used to make it work for swine flu, instead of the same kinds of dead or weak viruses that can't make you sick that are put in the seasonal flu shots to protect from them. People who listen to the misinformation and don't get the shots are putting themselves and others unnecessarily at risk.

They usually don't, but they can. Typically only a few drops on a band aid. They are usually given IM (intramuscularly) and so there is a possibility that the needle will go through and break a small blood vessel as it moves through the skin and subcutaneous tissue into the muscle. That blood can move out to the surface of the skin through the needle track. They almost always stop bleeding in a matter of a few seconds to a few minutes. If they do not, try holding pressure on the spot until the bleeding does stop. If it continues for more than a half hour or if it bleeds briskly or large amounts, then you should contact your health care professional or the person who gave the injection to report it and get instructions.