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Windows Server 2003
Also known as the Win2K3, Windows Server 2003 is a server OS (operating system) from the American software company Microsoft. This OS has the capability to share printers and files, provide email services, authenticate users, and host message queues.
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SRV Resource Records
When a Windows 2000-based domain controller starts up, the Net Logon service uses dynamic updates to register SRV resource records in the DNS database, as described in "A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)
The SRV record is used to map the name of a service (in this case, the LDAP service) to the DNS computer name of a server that offers that service. In a Windows 2000 network, an LDAP resource record locates a domain controller.
A workstation that is logging on to a Windows 2000 domain queries DNS for SRV records in the general form:
_Service ._ Protocol . DnsDomainName
Active Directory servers offer the LDAP service over the TCP protocol; therefore, clients find an LDAP server by querying DNS for a record of the form:
_ldap._tcp. DnsDomainName
_msdcs Subdomain
There are possible implementations of LDAP servers other than Windows 2000-based domain controllers. There are also possible implementations of LDAP directory services that employ Global Catalog servers but are not servers that are running Windows 2000. To facilitate locating Windows 2000-based domain controllers, in addition to the standard _ Service ._ Protocol . DnsDomainName format, the Net Logon service registers SRV records that identify the well-known server-type pseudonyms "dc" (domain controller), "gc" (Global Catalog), "pdc" (primary domain controller, and "domains" (globally unique identifier, or GUID) as prefixes in the _msdcs subdomain. This Microsoft-specific subdomain allows location of domain controllers that have Windows 2000-specific roles in the domain or forest, as well as the location by GUID when a domain has been renamed. To accommodate locating domain controllers by server type or by GUID (abbreviated "dctype"), Windows 2000-based domain controllers register SRV records in the following form:
_ Service ._ Protocol . DcType ._msdcs. DnsDomainName
The addition of the _msdcs subdomain means that two sets of DNS names can be used to find an LDAP server: DnsDomainName is used to find an LDAP server or Kerberos server that is running TCP (or, in the case of a Kerberos server, either TCP or the User Datagram Protocol [UDP]), and the subdomain _msdcs. DnsDomainName is used to find an LDAP server that is running TCP and also functioning in a particular Windows 2000 role. The name "_msdcs" is reserved for locating domain controllers. The single keyword "_msdcs" was chosen to avoid cluttering the DNS namespace unnecessarily. Other constant, well-known names (pdc, dc, and gc) were kept short to avoid exceeding the maximum length of DnsDomainName.
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Why are the modifications necessary to DNS for accommodating Read Only Domain Controllers?
"Because the DNS server that runs on an RODC cannot directly register client updates, it has to refer the client to a DNS server that hosts a primary or Active Directory-integrated copy of the zone file. This server is sometimes referred to as a "writable DNS server." When a client presents a Find Authoritative Query, which is the precursor to an update request, the DNS server on the RODC uses the domain controller Locator to find domain controllers in the closest site.
The RODC then compares the list of domain controllers that is returned with the list of name server (NS) resource records that it has. The RODC returns to the client the NS resource record of a writable DNS server that the client can use to perform the update. The client can then perform its update.
If no domain controller in the closest site matches an entry in the list of NS records for the zone, the RODC attempts to discover any domain controller in the forest that matches an entry in the list.
Suppose that a new client is introduced to a site that has a DNS server running only on an RODC. In this case, the RODC DNS server tries to replicate the DNS record that the client has tried to update on the writable DNS server. This occurs approximately five minutes after the RODC provides a response to the original Find Authoritative Query.
If the DNS client on the RODC attempts a DNS update, a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008 is returned so that the RODC can perform the update."
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AD DS: Read-Only Domain Controllers
A read-only domain controller (RODC) is a new type of domain controller in the Windows Server® 2008 operating system. With an RODC, organizations can easily deploy a domain controller in locations where physical security cannot be guaranteed. An RODC hosts read-only partitions of the Active Directory® Domain Services (AD DS) database.
Before the release of Windows Server 2008, if users had to authenticate with a domain controller over a wide area network (WAN), there was no real alternative. In many cases, this was not an efficient solution. Branch offices often cannot provide the adequate physical security that is required for a writable domain controller. Furthermore, branch offices often have poor network bandwidth when they are connected to a hub site. This can increase the amount of time that is required to log on. It can also hamper access to network resources.
Beginning with Windows Server 2008, an organization can deploy an RODC to address these problems. As a result, users in this situation can receive the following benefits:
* Improved security
* Faster logon times
* More efficient access to resources on the network
What does an RODC do?
Inadequate physical security is the most common reason to consider deploying an RODC. An RODC provides a way to deploy a domain controller more securely in locations that require fast and reliable authentication services but cannot ensure physical security for a writable domain controller.
However, your organization may also choose to deploy an RODC for special administrative requirements. For example, a line-of-business (LOB) application may run successfully only if it is installed on a domain controller. Or, the domain controller might be the only server in the branch office, and it may have to host server applications.
In such cases, the LOB application owner must often log on to the domain controller interactively or use Terminal Services to configure and manage the application. This situation creates a security risk that may be unacceptable on a writable domain controller.
An RODC provides a more secure mechanism for deploying a domain controller in this scenario. You can grant a nonadministrative domain user the right to log on to an RODC while minimizing the security risk to the Active Directory forest.
You might also deploy an RODC in other scenarios where local storage of all domain user passwords is a primary threat, for example, in an extranet or application-facing role.
Who will be interested in this feature?
RODC is designed primarily to be deployed in remote or branch office environments. Branch offices typically have the following characteristics:
* Relatively few users
* Poor physical security
* Relatively poor network bandwidth to a hub site
* Little knowledge of information technology (IT)
You should review this section, and the additional supporting documentation about RODC, if you are in any of the following groups:
* IT planners and analysts who are technically evaluating the product
* Enterprise IT planners and designers for organizations
* Those responsible for IT security
* AD DS administrators who deal with small branch offices
Are there any special considerations?
To deploy an RODC, at least one writable domain controller in the domain must be running Windows Server 2008. In addition, the functional level for the domain and forest must be Windows Server 2003 or higher.
For more information about prerequisites for deploying an RODC,
What new functionality does this feature provide?
RODC addresses some of the problems that are commonly found in branch offices. These locations might not have a domain controller. Or, they might have a writable domain controller but not the physical security, network bandwidth, or local expertise to support it. The following RODC functionality mitigates these problems:
* Read-only AD DS database
* Unidirectional replication
* Credential caching
* Administrator role separation
* Read-only Domain Name System (DNS)
Read-only AD DS database
Except for account passwords, an RODC holds all the Active Directory objects and attributes that a writable domain controller holds. However, changes cannot be made to the database that is stored on the RODC. Changes must be made on a writable domain controller and then replicated back to the RODC.
Local applications that request Read access to the directory can obtain access. Lightweight Directory Application Protocol (LDAP) applications that request Write access receive an LDAP referral response. This response directs them to a writable domain controller, normally in a hub site.
RODC filtered attribute set
Some applications that use AD DS as a data store might have credential-like data (such as passwords, credentials, or encryption keys) that you do not want to be stored on an RODC in case the RODC is compromised.
For these types of applications, you can dynamically configure a set of attributes in the schema for domain objects that will not replicate to an RODC. This set of attributes is called the RODC filtered attribute set. Attributes that are defined in the RODC filtered attribute set are not allowed to replicate to any RODCs in the forest.
A malicious user who compromises an RODC can attempt to configure it in such a way that it tries to replicate attributes that are defined in the RODC filtered attribute set. If the RODC tries to replicate those attributes from a domain controller that is running Windows Server 2008, the replication request is denied. However, if the RODC tries to replicate those attributes from a domain controller that is running Windows Server 2003, the replication request can succeed.
Therefore, as a security precaution, ensure that forest functional level is Windows Server 2008 if you plan to configure the RODC filtered attribute set. When the forest functional level is Windows Server 2008, an RODC that is compromised cannot be exploited in this manner because domain controllers that are running Windows Server 2003 are not allowed in the forest.
You cannot add system-critical attributes to the RODC filtered attribute set. An attribute is system-critical if it is required for AD DS; Local Security Authority (LSA); Security Accounts Manager (SAM; and Microsoft-specific Security Service Provider Interfaces (SSPIs), such as Kerberos; to function properly. A system-critical attribute has a schemaFlagsEx attribute value equal to 1 (schemaFlagsEx attribute value & 0x1 = TRUE).
The RODC filtered attribute set is configured on the server that holds the schema operations master role. If you try to add a system-critical attribute to the RODC filtered set while the schema master is running Windows Server 2008, the server returns an "unwillingToPerform" LDAP error. If you try to add a system-critical attribute to the RODC filtered attribute set on a Windows Server 2003 schema master, the operation appears to succeed but the attribute is not actually added. Therefore, it is recommended that the schema master be a Windows Server 2008 domain controller when you add attributes to RODC filtered attribute set. This ensures that system-critical attributes are not included in the RODC filtered attribute set.
Unidirectional replication
Because no changes are written directly to the RODC, no changes originate at the RODC. Accordingly, writable domain controllers that are replication partners do not have to pull changes from the RODC. This means that any changes or corruption that a malicious user might make at branch locations cannot replicate from the RODC to the rest of the forest. This also reduces the workload of bridgehead servers in the hub and the effort required to monitor replication.
RODC unidirectional replication applies to both AD DS and Distributed File System (DFS) Replication of SYSVOL. The RODC performs normal inbound replication for AD DS and SYSVOL changes.
noteNote
Any other shares on an RODC that you configure to replicate using DFS Replication would be bidirectional.
RODCs also perform automatic load balancing of inbound replication connection objects across a set of bridgehead servers in a hub site.
Credential caching
Credential caching is the storage of user or computer credentials. Credentials consist of a small set of approximately 10 passwords that are associated with security principals. By default, an RODC does not store user or computer credentials. The exceptions are the computer account of the RODC and a special krbtgt account that each RODC has. You must explicitly allow any other credential caching on an RODC.
The RODC is advertised as the Key Distribution Center (KDC) for the branch office. The RODC uses a different krbtgt account and password than the KDC on a writable domain controller uses when it signs or encrypts ticket-granting ticket (TGT) requests.
After an account is successfully authenticated, the RODC attempts to contact a writable domain controller at the hub site and requests a copy of the appropriate credentials. The writable domain controller recognizes that the request is coming from an RODC and consults the Password Replication Policy in effect for that RODC.
The Password Replication Policy determines if a user's credentials or a computer's credentials can be replicated from the writable domain controller to the RODC. If the Password Replication Policy allows it, the writable domain controller replicates the credentials to the RODC, and the RODC caches them.
After the credentials are cached on the RODC, the RODC can directly service that user's logon requests until the credentials change. (When a TGT is signed with the krbtgt account of the RODC, the RODC recognizes that it has a cached copy of the credentials. If another domain controller signs the TGT, the RODC forwards requests to a writable domain controller.)
By limiting credential caching only to users who have authenticated to the RODC, the potential exposure of credentials by a compromise of the RODC is also limited. Typically, only a small subset of domain users has credentials cached on any given RODC. Therefore, in the event that the RODC is stolen, only those credentials that are cached can potentially be cracked.
Leaving credential caching disabled might further limit exposure, but it results in all authentication requests being forwarded to a writable domain controller. An administrator can modify the default Password Replication Policy to allow users' credentials to be cached at the RODC.
Administrator role separation
You can delegate local administrative permissions for an RODC to any domain user without granting that user any user rights for the domain or other domain controllers. This permits a local branch user to log on to an RODC and perform maintenance work on the server, such as upgrading a driver. However, the branch user cannot log on to any other domain controller or perform any other administrative task in the domain. In this way, the branch user can be delegated the ability to effectively manage the RODC in the branch office without compromising the security of the rest of the domain.
Read-only DNS
You can install the DNS Server service on an RODC. An RODC is able to replicate all application directory partitions that DNS uses, including ForestDNSZones and DomainDNSZones. If the DNS server is installed on an RODC, clients can query it for name resolution as they query any other DNS server.
However, the DNS server on an RODC is read-only and therefore does not support client updates directly. For more information about how DNS client updates are processed by a DNS server on an RODC,
What settings have been added or changed?
To support the RODC Password Replication Policy, Windows Server 2008 AD DS includes new attributes. The Password Replication Policy is the mechanism for determining whether a user's credentials or a computer's credentials are allowed to replicate from a writable domain controller to an RODC. The Password Replication Policy is always set on a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008.
AD DS attributes that are added in the Windows Server 2008 Active Directory schema to support RODCs include the following:
* msDS-Reveal-OnDemandGroup
* msDS-NeverRevealGroup
* msDS-RevealedList
* msDS-AuthenticatedToAccountList
For more information about these attributes, see the RODC Planning and Deployment Guide (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135993).
How should I prepare to deploy this feature?
The prerequisites for deploying an RODC are as follows:
* The RODC must forward authentication requests to a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008. The Password Replication Policy is set on this domain controller to determine if credentials are replicated to the branch location for a forwarded request from the RODC.
* The domain functional level must be Windows Server 2003 or higher so that Kerberos constrained delegation is available. Constrained delegation is used for security calls that must be impersonated under the context of the caller.
* The forest functional level must be Windows Server 2003 or higher so that linked-value replication is available. This provides a higher level of replication consistency.
* You must run adprep /rodcprep once in the forest to update the permissions on all the DNS application directory partitions in the forest. This way, all RODCs that are also DNS servers can replicate the permissions successfully.
AD DS: Read-Only Domain Controllers
A read-only domain controller (RODC) is a new type of domain controller in the Windows Server® 2008 operating system. With an RODC, organizations can easily deploy a domain controller in locations where physical security cannot be guaranteed. An RODC hosts read-only partitions of the Active Directory® Domain Services (AD DS) database.
Before the release of Windows Server 2008, if users had to authenticate with a domain controller over a wide area network (WAN), there was no real alternative. In many cases, this was not an efficient solution. Branch offices often cannot provide the adequate physical security that is required for a writable domain controller. Furthermore, branch offices often have poor network bandwidth when they are connected to a hub site. This can increase the amount of time that is required to log on. It can also hamper access to network resources.
Beginning with Windows Server 2008, an organization can deploy an RODC to address these problems. As a result, users in this situation can receive the following benefits:
* Improved security
* Faster logon times
* More efficient access to resources on the network
What does an RODC do?
Inadequate physical security is the most common reason to consider deploying an RODC. An RODC provides a way to deploy a domain controller more securely in locations that require fast and reliable authentication services but cannot ensure physical security for a writable domain controller.
However, your organization may also choose to deploy an RODC for special administrative requirements. For example, a line-of-business (LOB) application may run successfully only if it is installed on a domain controller. Or, the domain controller might be the only server in the branch office, and it may have to host server applications.
In such cases, the LOB application owner must often log on to the domain controller interactively or use Terminal Services to configure and manage the application. This situation creates a security risk that may be unacceptable on a writable domain controller.
An RODC provides a more secure mechanism for deploying a domain controller in this scenario. You can grant a nonadministrative domain user the right to log on to an RODC while minimizing the security risk to the Active Directory forest.
You might also deploy an RODC in other scenarios where local storage of all domain user passwords is a primary threat, for example, in an extranet or application-facing role.
Who will be interested in this feature?
RODC is designed primarily to be deployed in remote or branch office environments. Branch offices typically have the following characteristics:
* Relatively few users
* Poor physical security
* Relatively poor network bandwidth to a hub site
* Little knowledge of information technology (IT)
You should review this section, and the additional supporting documentation about RODC, if you are in any of the following groups:
* IT planners and analysts who are technically evaluating the product
* Enterprise IT planners and designers for organizations
* Those responsible for IT security
* AD DS administrators who deal with small branch offices
Are there any special considerations?
To deploy an RODC, at least one writable domain controller in the domain must be running Windows Server 2008. In addition, the functional level for the domain and forest must be Windows Server 2003 or higher.
For more information about prerequisites for deploying an RODC,
What new functionality does this feature provide?
RODC addresses some of the problems that are commonly found in branch offices. These locations might not have a domain controller. Or, they might have a writable domain controller but not the physical security, network bandwidth, or local expertise to support it. The following RODC functionality mitigates these problems:
* Read-only AD DS database
* Unidirectional replication
* Credential caching
* Administrator role separation
* Read-only Domain Name System (DNS)
Read-only AD DS database
Except for account passwords, an RODC holds all the Active Directory objects and attributes that a writable domain controller holds. However, changes cannot be made to the database that is stored on the RODC. Changes must be made on a writable domain controller and then replicated back to the RODC.
Local applications that request Read access to the directory can obtain access. Lightweight Directory Application Protocol (LDAP) applications that request Write access receive an LDAP referral response. This response directs them to a writable domain controller, normally in a hub site.
RODC filtered attribute set
Some applications that use AD DS as a data store might have credential-like data (such as passwords, credentials, or encryption keys) that you do not want to be stored on an RODC in case the RODC is compromised.
For these types of applications, you can dynamically configure a set of attributes in the schema for domain objects that will not replicate to an RODC. This set of attributes is called the RODC filtered attribute set. Attributes that are defined in the RODC filtered attribute set are not allowed to replicate to any RODCs in the forest.
A malicious user who compromises an RODC can attempt to configure it in such a way that it tries to replicate attributes that are defined in the RODC filtered attribute set. If the RODC tries to replicate those attributes from a domain controller that is running Windows Server 2008, the replication request is denied. However, if the RODC tries to replicate those attributes from a domain controller that is running Windows Server 2003, the replication request can succeed.
Therefore, as a security precaution, ensure that forest functional level is Windows Server 2008 if you plan to configure the RODC filtered attribute set. When the forest functional level is Windows Server 2008, an RODC that is compromised cannot be exploited in this manner because domain controllers that are running Windows Server 2003 are not allowed in the forest.
You cannot add system-critical attributes to the RODC filtered attribute set. An attribute is system-critical if it is required for AD DS; Local Security Authority (LSA); Security Accounts Manager (SAM; and Microsoft-specific Security Service Provider Interfaces (SSPIs), such as Kerberos; to function properly. A system-critical attribute has a schemaFlagsEx attribute value equal to 1 (schemaFlagsEx attribute value & 0x1 = TRUE).
The RODC filtered attribute set is configured on the server that holds the schema operations master role. If you try to add a system-critical attribute to the RODC filtered set while the schema master is running Windows Server 2008, the server returns an "unwillingToPerform" LDAP error. If you try to add a system-critical attribute to the RODC filtered attribute set on a Windows Server 2003 schema master, the operation appears to succeed but the attribute is not actually added. Therefore, it is recommended that the schema master be a Windows Server 2008 domain controller when you add attributes to RODC filtered attribute set. This ensures that system-critical attributes are not included in the RODC filtered attribute set.
Unidirectional replication
Because no changes are written directly to the RODC, no changes originate at the RODC. Accordingly, writable domain controllers that are replication partners do not have to pull changes from the RODC. This means that any changes or corruption that a malicious user might make at branch locations cannot replicate from the RODC to the rest of the forest. This also reduces the workload of bridgehead servers in the hub and the effort required to monitor replication.
RODC unidirectional replication applies to both AD DS and Distributed File System (DFS) Replication of SYSVOL. The RODC performs normal inbound replication for AD DS and SYSVOL changes.
noteNote
Any other shares on an RODC that you configure to replicate using DFS Replication would be bidirectional.
RODCs also perform automatic load balancing of inbound replication connection objects across a set of bridgehead servers in a hub site.
Credential caching
Credential caching is the storage of user or computer credentials. Credentials consist of a small set of approximately 10 passwords that are associated with security principals. By default, an RODC does not store user or computer credentials. The exceptions are the computer account of the RODC and a special krbtgt account that each RODC has. You must explicitly allow any other credential caching on an RODC.
The RODC is advertised as the Key Distribution Center (KDC) for the branch office. The RODC uses a different krbtgt account and password than the KDC on a writable domain controller uses when it signs or encrypts ticket-granting ticket (TGT) requests.
After an account is successfully authenticated, the RODC attempts to contact a writable domain controller at the hub site and requests a copy of the appropriate credentials. The writable domain controller recognizes that the request is coming from an RODC and consults the Password Replication Policy in effect for that RODC.
The Password Replication Policy determines if a user's credentials or a computer's credentials can be replicated from the writable domain controller to the RODC. If the Password Replication Policy allows it, the writable domain controller replicates the credentials to the RODC, and the RODC caches them.
After the credentials are cached on the RODC, the RODC can directly service that user's logon requests until the credentials change. (When a TGT is signed with the krbtgt account of the RODC, the RODC recognizes that it has a cached copy of the credentials. If another domain controller signs the TGT, the RODC forwards requests to a writable domain controller.)
By limiting credential caching only to users who have authenticated to the RODC, the potential exposure of credentials by a compromise of the RODC is also limited. Typically, only a small subset of domain users has credentials cached on any given RODC. Therefore, in the event that the RODC is stolen, only those credentials that are cached can potentially be cracked.
Leaving credential caching disabled might further limit exposure, but it results in all authentication requests being forwarded to a writable domain controller. An administrator can modify the default Password Replication Policy to allow users' credentials to be cached at the RODC.
Administrator role separation
You can delegate local administrative permissions for an RODC to any domain user without granting that user any user rights for the domain or other domain controllers. This permits a local branch user to log on to an RODC and perform maintenance work on the server, such as upgrading a driver. However, the branch user cannot log on to any other domain controller or perform any other administrative task in the domain. In this way, the branch user can be delegated the ability to effectively manage the RODC in the branch office without compromising the security of the rest of the domain.
Read-only DNS
You can install the DNS Server service on an RODC. An RODC is able to replicate all application directory partitions that DNS uses, including ForestDNSZones and DomainDNSZones. If the DNS server is installed on an RODC, clients can query it for name resolution as they query any other DNS server.
However, the DNS server on an RODC is read-only and therefore does not support client updates directly. For more information about how DNS client updates are processed by a DNS server on an RODC,
What settings have been added or changed?
To support the RODC Password Replication Policy, Windows Server 2008 AD DS includes new attributes. The Password Replication Policy is the mechanism for determining whether a user's credentials or a computer's credentials are allowed to replicate from a writable domain controller to an RODC. The Password Replication Policy is always set on a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008.
AD DS attributes that are added in the Windows Server 2008 Active Directory schema to support RODCs include the following:
* msDS-Reveal-OnDemandGroup
* msDS-NeverRevealGroup
* msDS-RevealedList
* msDS-AuthenticatedToAccountList
For more information about these attributes, see the RODC Planning and Deployment Guide (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135993).
How should I prepare to deploy this feature?
The prerequisites for deploying an RODC are as follows:
* The RODC must forward authentication requests to a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008. The Password Replication Policy is set on this domain controller to determine if credentials are replicated to the branch location for a forwarded request from the RODC.
* The domain functional level must be Windows Server 2003 or higher so that Kerberos constrained delegation is available. Constrained delegation is used for security calls that must be impersonated under the context of the caller.
* The forest functional level must be Windows Server 2003 or higher so that linked-value replication is available. This provides a higher level of replication consistency.
* You must run adprep /rodcprep once in the forest to update the permissions on all the DNS application directory partitions in the forest. This way, all RODCs that are also DNS servers can replicate the permissions successfully.
Because the DNS server that runs on an RODC cannot directly register client updates, it has to refer the client to a DNS server that hosts a primary or Active Directory-integrated copy of the zone file. This server is sometimes referred to as a "writable DNS server." When a client presents a Find Authoritative Query, which is the precursor to an update request, the DNS server on the RODC uses the domain controller Locator to find domain controllers in the closest site.
The RODC then compares the list of domain controllers that is returned with the list of name server (NS) resource records that it has. The RODC returns to the client the NS resource record of a writable DNS server that the client can use to perform the update. The client can then perform its update.
If no domain controller in the closest site matches an entry in the list of NS records for the zone, the RODC attempts to discover any domain controller in the forest that matches an entry in the list.
Suppose that a new client is introduced to a site that has a DNS server running only on an RODC. In this case, the RODC DNS server tries to replicate the DNS record that the client has tried to update on the writable DNS server. This occurs approximately five minutes after the RODC provides a response to the original Find Authoritative Query.
If the DNS client on the RODC attempts a DNS update, a writable domain controller running Windows Server 2008 is returned so that the RODC can perform the update."
What is the main purpose of active directory?
An active directory is a directory structure used on Microsoft Windows based computers and servers to store information and data about networks and domains. It is primarily used for online information and was originally created in 1996 and first used with Windows 2000.
An active directory (sometimes referred to as an AD) does a variety of functions including the ability to provide information on objects, helps organize these objects for easy retrieval and access, allows access by end users and administrators and allows the administrator to set security up for the directory.
An active directory can be defined as a hierarchical structure and this structure is usually broken up into three main categories, the resources that might include hardware such as printers, services for end users such as web email servers and objects, which are the main functions of the domain and network.
It is interesting to note the framework for the objects. Remember that an object can be a piece of hardware such as a printer, end user or security settings set by the administrator. These objects can hold other objects within their file structure. All objects have an ID, usually an object name (folder name). In addition to these objects being able to hold other objects, every object has its own attributes, which allows it to be characterized by the information, which it contains. Most IT professionals call these setting or characterizations schemas.
Depending on the type of schema created for a folder, will ultimately determine how these objects are used. For instance, some objects with certain schemas can not be deleted, they can only be deactivated. Others types of schemas with certain attributes can be deleted entirely. For instance, a user object can be deleted, but the administrator object can not be deleted.
When understanding active directories, it is important to know the framework that objects can be viewed at. In fact, an active directory can be viewed at either one of three levels, these levels are called forests, trees or domains. The highest structure is called the forest because you can see all objects included within the active directory.
Within the Forest structure are trees, these structures usually hold one or more domains, going further down the structure of an active directory are single domains. To put the forest, trees and domains into perspective, consider the following example.
A large organization has many dozens of users and processes. The forest might be the entire network of end users and specific computers at a set location. Within this forest directory are now trees that hold information on specific objects such as domain controllers, program data, system, etc. Within these objects are even more objects which can then be controlled and categorized
Anonymous Users
The Restartable Active Directory, that allows you to have the ntds.dit in offline mode WITHOUT rebooting the domain controller.
Where is user account information stored on a windows domain?
In AD (OS server 2000,2003 etc) the all the information is stored in NTDS.DIT database
if the server is standalone and not connected to any domain then account information is stored in SAM.
How does Microsoft sql server work?
SQL Server is a database server. It is used to store data which is accessed using any number of methods. Generally, the data will sit on a server (or several server) machine while users access it from remote terminals.
What must at least one DNS server support when running Active Directory on your network?
,
basically it must support dynamic updates and SRV records. So it's possible to run the DNS server also on non-Microsoft implementations of DNS like BIND.
But when you use Microsoft DNS (built in Windows Server operating systems), you don't need to care whether it supports Active Directory - it simply does.
Can you connect Active Directory to other third - party directory services name a few options?
Yes. Microsoft Identity Integration Server (MIIS) is used to connect Active Directory to other 3rd-party Directory Services (including directories used by SAP, Domino, etc).
Yes We can Connect, by using dirxml and LDAP
What is the only real downside to using stub zones?
The stub zone is kept on a DNS server hosting a parent zone, and its only purpose is to identify the authoritative name servers in child zones. By keeping just this information at the ready, a DNS server is able to more efficiently route name resolution requests to the authoritative servers hosting the child zone files.
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database, it is a software product whose primary function is to store and retrieve data as requested by other software applications, be it those on the same computer or those running on another computer across a network (including the Internet). There are at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server aimed at different audiences and for different workloads (ranging from small applications that store and retrieve data on the same computer, to millions of users and computers that access huge amounts of data from the Internet at the same time). Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL.
Can you run a two operating system on a single screen at the same time?
Two operating systems can be ran on the some computer provided that the computer's hard drive it broken down into more then one partition or there is more then one drive on the computer. There is a setting with in Windows that gives you a change log into an alternate operating system with in a set time frame or it will automatically log into Windows. You will not be able to run two operating systems on the same partition due to the fact that only one can load at a time. Also you need have a way of separating the file structures for each operating system. Some operating systems such as ubuntu will also let you access files from either operating if the drive has the right number of partitions.
system folders or folder that contains sensitive info, security reasons because it may contain several data that if shared can cause the system to be penetrated or miss used. example: imagine if the lecturers folders in our college system is shared or accessible by any user so anyone can log into the marks files and modify them
This answer by Bin Jadad والنعم
security tab
What is the number of computers connected to novell netware?
there are how many computers you can get connected to
How do we install active directory in a standalone system?
In a standalone..?? There is no point in installing an AD in a standalone machine. The whole idea of an AD is so you can manage your network from one single point, and that point being the AD.
However to install it, just open up a command window and run dcpromo.exe
How do you format your USB drive to FAT32?
Don't use DOS for large hard drives. Don't use Computer Management either.
Use:
http://tokiwa.qee.jp/EN/Fat32Formatter/index.HTML
Download and run as instructed.
This will format a drive of any size in one (or more if desired) partition. Remember that files larger that 4GB will not be recognised in FAT32 format. So break larger files up.
I ran mine in 'quick format' and it did it in seconds (otherwise it takes hours). Works perfectly.
Hope this helps.
What is the difference between OS and RTOS?
Linux and RTOS are two distinct concepts.
Linux is the name given to a specific operating system.
An RTOS (Real-Time Operating System) is a specially designed TYPE of Operating System. Where a 'normal' Operating Systems schedule resources/processing time to programs when they are available to the system, whereas an RTOS specializes in allowing programs to run in 'real time', meaning they are able to respond to changes (typically from an external source) as close to instantly as possible.
Typically, you would find an RTOS in situations where the computer has to react instantly to changes, such as an industrial control system or systems that monitor and control the power grid. If the operating system prevented the program from responding in a timely fashion, the program would be worthless.
Real-time Operating Systems are typically very small, optimized systems, whereas a standard OS is very large, feature-laden and has thousands of different features that run at once.
There IS a pared-down version of Linux known as "RTLinux" which falls into the category of an RTOS, but it's not the version of Linux most people are used to seeing. It's very purpose-build, optimized and fast, unusable by anyone but system designers who can work with such an OS.
What is intersite replication?
Replication between two sites is known as Intersite Replication. Since bandwidth two different sites is usually very limited, so intersite replication is used to manage and control replication traffic.
What is the OU active directory object?
Organisational Unit: A part of Active Directory used to Organise and Manage the objects of AD
An organizational unit (OU) is a subdivision within an Active Directory into which you can place users, groups, computers, and other organizational units. You can create organizational units to mirror your organization's functional or business structure. Each domain can implement its own organizational unit hierarchy. If your organization contains several domains, you can create organizational unit structures in each domain that are independent of the structures in the other domains.
The term "organizational unit" is often called as "OU" in casual conversation. "Container" is also often applied in its place, even in Microsoft's own documentation. All terms are considered correct and interchangeable.
What object of active directory identifies its location within the directory structure?
Distinguished Name{DN)
A DN is a sequence of relative distinguished names (RDN) connected by commas.
An RDN is an attribute with an associated value in the form attribute=value; normally expressed in a UTF-8 string format
DC domainComponent
CN commonName
OU organizationalUnitName
O organizationName
STREET streetAddress
L localityName
ST stateOrProvinceName
C countryName
UID userid
examples of distinguished names.
Distinguished Name{DN)
A DN is a sequence of relative distinguished names (RDN) connected by commas.
An RDN is an attribute with an associated value in the form attribute=value; normally expressed in a UTF-8 string format
DC domainComponent
CN commonName
OU organizationalUnitName
O organizationName
STREET streetAddress
L localityName
ST stateOrProvinceName
C countryName
UID userid
examples of distinguished names.
Distinguished Name{DN)
A DN is a sequence of relative distinguished names (RDN) connected by commas.
An RDN is an attribute with an associated value in the form attribute=value; normally expressed in a UTF-8 string format
DC domainComponent
CN commonName
OU organizationalUnitName
O organizationName
STREET streetAddress
L localityName
ST stateOrProvinceName
C countryName
UID userid
examples of distinguished names.
What is the function of the active directory federation services?
Active Directory Federation Services(AD FS for short) is a software component developed by Microsoft that can be installed on Windows Server operating systems to provide users withSingle Sign-Onaccess to systems and applications located across organizational boundaries. It uses a claims-based access control authorization model to maintain application security and implementfederated identity.
Claims based authentication is the process of authenticating a user based on a set of claims about its identity contained in a trusted token. Such a token is often issued and signed by an entity that is able to authenticate the user by other means, and that is trusted by the entity doing the claims based authentication.
