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Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and mechanical work which leads to the macroscopic properties such as temperature, volume, and pressure. Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory to study the thermodynamic behavior of systems of a large number of particles.

500 Questions

How does the boiling point of a solution depend on the amount of solute in it?

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Asked by Wiki User

Two things affect the boiling point.

#1 the gas pressure above the solution.

The higher/lower the gas pressure above a solution will increase/decrease the boiling temperature.

#2 the amount of solute in the solvent.

There is a whole lot of chemistry on the ebullioscopic constants and cryoscopic constants.

However, a solution will boil at a higher temperature , than the corresponding solvent.

Similarly a solution will freeze at a lower temperature, than the pure solvent.

Which allotropic form is considered the thermodynamic standard state of phosphorus?

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Asked by Wiki User

Interestingly, white phosphorus, the most common allotrope of phosphorus, is defined as the standard state despite the fact that it is only metastable. For all the other solid elements, the "standard state" is defined as the most stable allotrope at 100 kPa.

Red, violet, and black phosphorous are more stable, but far less common since they require special conditions to be produced and even being more stable are still very reactive. Note that red phosphorous might actually be considered just an intermediate phase between white and violet phosphorous rather than an allotrope, and consequently most of its properties vary considerably.

What materials cant heat travel through?

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Asked by Wiki User

There is no material that completely prevents the flow of heat. However, materials that are good insulators have low thermal conductivity, meaning they slow down the transfer of heat. Some examples of good insulators include air, wool, fiberglass, and certain types of foam or plastic.

Will an object will be a net radiator of energy when its thermal energy is less than that of its surroundings?

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Asked by Wiki User

No, an object will not be a net radiator of energy when its thermal energy is less than that of its surroundings. In this case, the object will instead absorb thermal energy from its surroundings in an attempt to reach thermal equilibrium.

Why do biological organisms violate the laws of thermodynamics?

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Asked by Wiki User

Biological organisms do not violate the laws of thermodynamics. Instead, they operate within and are subject to these laws. Living systems utilize energy from their environment, taking in nutrients and converting them into useful forms of energy. While biological processes are able to maintain and increase order locally, the overall entropy of the universe continues to increase in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics.

The thermodynamic law that explains the movement of heat energy during the refrigeration cycle is the?

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Asked by Wiki User

second law of thermodynamics. This law states that heat naturally flows from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature. In the refrigeration cycle, heat is extracted from the refrigerated space and transferred to the surrounding environment, causing the temperature inside the space to decrease.

If work is don adiabatically on a system will the internal energy increase or decrease?

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Asked by Wiki User

If work is done adiabatically on a system, the internal energy will increase. This is because adiabatic processes do not involve the exchange of heat with the surroundings, so any work done on the system will directly contribute to an increase in its internal energy.

What happens to the particles of a substance when energy is added to it?

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Asked by Wiki User

If they are in a restricted space such as a pop can. The molecules begin bouncing off the wall. This in turn is creating heat and pressure energy. If the heat or pressure become to unstable the can simply explode. This is due to the fact of the limited room the molecules or particles can go.

Now if the substance is non aqueous (without water, solid or powder) if you heat it to a certain point you could change the chemical structure of the chemical.

What is the first law of thermodynamics known as?

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Asked by Wiki User

The first law is also known as law of conservation of energy. It say that the energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can only be transferred. Its is given by this equation dQ = dU + dW .

What does the law of entropy tell?

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Asked by Wiki User

the potential energy of the universe is decresing

Characteristics of Bose-einstein condensate?

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Asked by Wiki User

its compose of two (2) significant propertie: Surface tension and Viscosity (just like the liquid matter)

What are the 3 basic laws of refrigeration?

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Asked by Wiki User

Every liquid while evaporate takes heat from its surrounding. Any vapour suitably compressed and cooled came back into liquid form

Has science succeeded in proving the first law of thermodynamics?

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Asked by Wiki User

No. The second law still determines if a process will take place spontaneously. The first law does not say that if you drop a block of hot iron into a water bath that the iron can't absorb enough energy from the water to melt it while freezing the water as long as the energy absorbed by the iron matches the energy lost by the water. HOWEVER, the second law tells us this won't happen.

How do molecules react to hot temperatures?

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Asked by Wiki User

Molecules react depending on their chemical properties.

The negative and positive parts of atoms are attracted to each other.

For example When water molecules get close to each other, they start to "stick" together due to the partial negative charge of the oxygen atom and the partial positive charge of the hydrogen atoms.

How does increasing the temperature affect a reaction?

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Asked by Wiki User

Increasing temperature affects a reaction in two ways:

1) at higher temperatures the molecules are moving around faster and collisions and reactions are more frequent, so the reaction - both forward and reverse - speed up.

2) at higher temperatures, the equilibrium state will shift. In some cases it will shift the equilibrium towards the product. In other cases, it will shift it back towards the reactants.

What gas expands the most when heated?

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Asked by Wiki User

Under equal pressures, all gases expand at the same rate, provided external pressure remains the same.

The effect of heat on the expansion of gases is stated in Charles' Law (see related link).

What are the thermodynamic polytropic processes?

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Asked by Mrakram08

for isen tropic process the heat transfer(Q) will zero. for poly tropic process is heat transfer not equal to zero

What are the heat transfer from a pot on a metal grill heated over a campfire?

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Asked by Wiki User

You will have heat transfer to the pot by radiation from the hot coals and by a combination of conduction and convection as the hot gasses of the fire rise to the pot. You might also have some slight heating by conduction from the metal grill to the pot; the grill gets heated the same way as the pot by radiation and flames but may be slightly warmer than the pot since it is closer to the coals and lies between the flames and parts of the pot resting on it. The total heat transfer from the grill to the pot is probably minimal. We would hope that the contents of the pot get heated by the walls of the pot - by conduction and, if they are fluid, convection.

What is carnot engine in thermodynamics?

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A Carnot cycle representes a gas undergoing a theoretical - means it cannot be implemented realistically - thermodynamic cycle composed of 4 reversible steps (meaning you can go back and everything will be back to the state it was, or scientifically speaking, the entropy of the universe will remain constant):

1- isothermal expansion of the gas (working fluid) - heat is added from the surroundings to the working fuild and it expands at constant temperature;

2- isentropic expansion of the gas - the gas is allowed to expand and produce work;

3- isothermal compression of the gas - the gas rejects heat to the surroundings at constant temperature;

4- isentropic compression of the gas - the gas is compressed and work is need for that compression.