Edward Jenner

Who2 Biography: Edward Jenner, Physician

Born: 17 May 1749
Birthplace: Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England
Died: 26 January 1823
Best Known As: English doctor who introduced smallpox vaccinations

Edward Jenner was an English physician who is credited with successfully introducing the practice of vaccinating against smallpox. Jenner, apprenticed to a surgeon as a boy, studied medicine briefly in London before returning to his rural hometown to open his own medical practice (1792). Following up on local lore that said dairymaids who had contracted cowpox were immune to smallpox, Jenner decided to see if he could adapt the Turkish practice of inoculation to prevent the spread and devastation of smallpox. In May of 1796 he took a gamble and inoculated James Phipps, the 8 year-old son of a local farmer. Phipps was exposed to fluid from the pustules of a woman with cowpox. The boy contracted cowpox, and several weeks later Jenner exposed him to smallpox. Fortunately, the boy didn't contract smallpox and Jenner's theory was proved correct. After other successful trials, Jenner published his findings in Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae in 1798. Jenner went on to become famous as the world embraced "vaccination," a term he coined (because vacca is Latin for cow, and vaccinia was the term for cowpox). Jenner was also an educated naturalist and horticulturist, an amateur geologist and zoologist (he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society for a paper on the nesting habits of the cuckoo) and a fossil hunter who discovered the bones of a plesiosaur in 1819.

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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Edward Jenner

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Edward Jenner, detail of an oil painting by James Northcote, 1803; in the National Portrait (credit: Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London)

(born May 17, 1749, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, Eng. — died Jan. 26, 1823, Berkeley) English surgeon, discoverer of the smallpox vaccine. He was apprenticed to a surgeon at 13, and at 21 he became the house pupil of John Hunter, who gave him further training and stressed the need for experimentation and observation. Jenner had noticed as a youth that people who had been sick with the relatively harmless disease cowpox did not contract smallpox. In 1796 he inoculated a young boy with matter taken from a dairymaid's fresh cowpox lesions. The boy caught cowpox and, when subsequently inoculated with smallpox, did not contract it. Despite early difficulties, the procedure spread and the death rate from smallpox fell. Jenner received worldwide recognition (though he was also subject to attacks and slander). He retired from public life in 1815 after the death of his wife.

For more information on Edward Jenner, visit Britannica.com.

Scientist: Edward Jenner

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[b. Berkeley, England, May 17, 1749, d. Berkeley, January 26, 1823]

In the late 1700s it was common knowledge in the English countryside that dairymaids who had become ill with cowpox did not catch the much deadlier smallpox. Jenner believed that people could be protected against smallpox by inoculating them with cowpox, a technique that came to be called vaccination. Jenner inoculated several people with material from dairymaids' cowpox lesions and detailed cases of people who had cowpox and later resisted smallpox. Publication of his findings in 1798 created much controversy, but vaccination against smallpox soon became widespread.

Encyclopedia of Public Health: Edward Jenner

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Edward Jenner (1749–1823) was a British family doctor who practiced throughout his life in the village of Berkeley, Gloucestershire. He apprenticed for two years with John Hunter, then the preeminent medical teacher in Britain, but never took any examinations to obtain a medical degree. Instead, he purchased a medical degree from a Scottish university and later applied for and was granted an M.D. degree from Oxford University. He was keenly interested in all aspects of natural history, and he wrote a notebook describing the habits and habitats of birds in his district. A man with considerable intellectual and leadership qualities, he also founded a local medical society that survived for many generations.

At the time of Jenner's birth, smallpox was an ever present threat to life and health. When it did not kill outright, it often left a legacy of disfiguring facial pockmarks, and if it affected the eyes it caused blindness.

The practice of variolation—inoculation into the skin, or insufflation into the nose, of dried secretions from a smallpox bleb—was invented in China around 1000 C.E. and spread along the silk route, reaching Asia Minor some time in the seventeenth century. Lady Mary Wortley Montague, wife of the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, described the practice, also called ingrafting, in a letter to her friend Sarah Chiswell dated April 1, 1717, and imported the idea to England when she returned home. By the time Jenner was a child, ingrafting had become widespread among educated English families as a way to provide some protection against smallpox. If virulent smallpox virus had happened to survive in the batch of secretions used, however, the procedure sometimes caused severe illness and even occasional fatalities. This was generally considered to be a risk worth taking, as it was substantially less than the risk of death or disfigurement posed by epidemic smallpox itself.

Jenner knew the popular belief in Gloucester-shire that people who had been infected with cowpox, a mild disease acquired from cattle, did not get smallpox. He reasoned that since smallpox in mild form was transmitted by variolation, it might be possible to similarly transmit cowpox. He made many observations, starting in 1778, and a smallpox outbreak in 1792 provided him with the opportunity to confirm his belief that persons previously infected with cowpox did not get smallpox. In 1796 he began a courageous and unprecedented experiment—one that by modern standards would be considered unethical—that would have an incalculable benefit for humankind. He inoculated a boy, James Phipps, with secretions from a cowpox lesion. Over the following months he inoculated others, most of them children, inoculating twenty-three in all. They all survived unharmed, and none got smallpox. In 1798, Jenner published his results in An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae. His findings rank among the most important medical discoveries of all time.

The importance of Jenner's work was immediately recognized, and although there were skeptics and vicious antagonists, vaccination programs soon began. At first, these programs were conducted more vigorously in some European nations than in Britain. In 1802, Jenner was rewarded by Parliament with a grant of £10,000, and in 1807 with a further £20,000, but he was not otherwise honored in his own country. In France and other European nations, however, his achievement was more suitably commemorated.

In due course, Jenner's discovery led to a successful campaign by the World Health Organization to eradicate smallpox. In 1980, the World Health Assembly proclaimed that smallpox, one of the most deadly scourges of mankind, had been eradicated. At the beginning of the new millennium, samples of the smallpox virus survive in secure biological laboratories in several countries, but thanks to Edward Jenner, this terrible disease need never again take a human life.

Bibliography

Jenner, E. (1798). An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae. Reprint. Birmingham, AL: Classics of Medicine Library, 1978.

LeFanu, W. R. (1951). A Bio-bibliography of Edward Jenner, 1749–1823. London: Harvey and Blythe.

— JOHN M. LAST

Biography: Edward Jenner

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The English physician Edward Jenner (1749-1823) introduced vaccination against smallpox and thus laid the foundation of modern concepts of immunology.

Edward Jenner was born on May 17, 1749, in the village of Berkeley in Gloucestershire. At 8 his schooling began at Wooton-under-Edge and was continued in Cirencester. At 13 he was apprenticed to Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon, in Sodbury. In 1770 Jenner went to London to study with the renowned surgeon, anatomist, and naturalist John Hunter, returning to his native Berkeley in 1773.

Jenner had been interested in nature as a child, and this interest expanded under Hunter's guidance. For example, in 1771 the young physician arranged the zoological specimens gathered during Capt. James Cook's voyage of discovery to the Pacific. His thorough work led to his being recommended for the position of naturalist on the second Cook voyage, but he declined in favor of a medical career. Jenner aided in Hunter's zoological studies in many ways during his few years in London and then from Berkeley. Hunter's experimental methods, insistence on exact observation, and general encouragement are reflected in this work in natural history but are especially apparent in Jenner's introduction of vaccination.

In Eastern countries the practice of inoculation against smallpox with matter taken from a smallpox pustule was common. This practice was introduced into England in the early 18th century. Although such inoculation aided in the prevention of the dreaded and widespread disease, it was dangerous. There was a common story among farmers that if a person contracted a relatively mild and harmless disease of cattle called cowpox, immunity to smallpox would result. Jenner first heard this story while apprenticed to Ludlow, and when he went to London he discussed the possibilities of such immunity at length with Hunter. Hunter encouraged him to make further observations and experiments, and when Jenner returned to Berkeley he continued his observations for many years until he was fully convinced that cowpox did, in fact, confer immunity to smallpox. On May 14, 1796, he vaccinated a young boy with cowpox material taken from a pustule on the hand of a dairymaid who had contracted the disease from a cow. The boy suffered the usual mild symptoms of cowpox and quickly recovered. A few weeks later the boy was inoculated with smallpox matter and suffered no ill effects.

In June 1798 Jenner published An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly in Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cowpox. In 1799 Further Observations on the Variolae Vaccinae or Cowpox appeared and, in 1800, A Continuation of Facts and Observations Relative to the Variolae Vaccinae, or Cowpox. The reception of Jenner's ideas was a little slow, but official recognition came from the British government in 1800. For the rest of his life Jenner worked consistently for the establishment of vaccination. These years were marred only by the death in 1815 of his wife, Catherine Kingscote Jenner, whom he had married in 1788. Jenner died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Berkeley on Jan. 26, 1823.

Edward Jenner
Edward in the prime of his studies
Born	17 May, 1749 Berkeley, Gloucestershire
Died	26 January 1823 (aged 73) Berkeley, Gloucestershire
Residence	Berkley, Gloucestershire
Nationality	United Kingdom
Fields	Science
Alma mater	St George's, University of London
Doctoral advisor	John Hunter
Known for	smallpox vaccine
Religious stance	Anglican

Early life

Edward Jenner was born on 17th, May 1749 (6 May Old Style) in Berkeley. Jenner then trained in Chipping Sodbury, Gloucestershire as an apprentice to Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon, for eight years from the age of 14. In 1770 Jenner went up to surgery and anatomy under the surgeon John Hunter and others at St George's Hospital.

William Osler records that Jenner was a student to whom Hunter repeated William Harvey's advice, very famous in medical circles (and characteristically Enlightenment), "Don't think, try".^[4] Jenner therefore was early noticed by men famous for advancing the practice and institutions of surgery. Hunter remained in correspondence with him over natural history and proposed him for the Royal Society. Returning to his native countryside by 1773 he became a successful general practitioner and surgeon, practising in purpose-built premises at Berkeley.

Jenner and others formed a medical society in Rodborough, Gloucestershire, meeting to read papers on medical subjects and dine together. Jenner contributed papers on angina pectoris, ophthalmia and valvular disease of the heart and commented on cowpox. He also belonged to a similar society which met in Alveston, near Bristol.^[5]

He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1788, following a careful study combining observation, experiment and dissection into a description of the previously misunderstood life of the cuckoo in the nest.

Common Cuckoo

Jenner's description of the newly hatched cuckoo pushing its host's eggs and fledglings from the nest was confirmed in the 20th century^[6] when photography became feasible. Having observed the behaviour, he demonstrated an anatomical adaptation for it—the baby cuckoo has a depression in its back which is not present after 12 days of life, in which it cups eggs and other chicks to push them out of the nest. It had been assumed that the adult bird did this but the adult does not remain in the area for sufficiently long. His findings were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1787 . His mother was a great doctor of scurvy who learned from her own experiences

He married Catherine Kingscote (died 1815 from tuberculosis) in March 1788 having met her when balloons were hot science, and he and other Fellows were experimenting with them. His trial balloon descended into Kingscote Park, owned by Anthony Kingscote, Catherine being one of his three daughters.

In 1792, he obtained his M.D. from the University of St Andrews.

Smallpox

In this time smallpox was greatly feared, as one in three of those who contracted the disease died, and those who survived were often badly disfigured. Voltaire, a few years later, recorded that 60% of people caught smallpox, with 20% of the population dying of it. In the years following 1770 there were at least six people in England and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) who had sucesfully tested the possibility of using the cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans.^[7] For example, Dorset farmer Benjamin Jesty had successfully vaccinated and presumably induced immunity in his wife and two children with cowpox during a smallpox epidemic in 1774, but it was not until Jenner's work some twenty years later that the procedure became widely understood. Indeed it is generally believed that Jenner was unaware of Jesty's success and arrived at his conclusions independently.^{[citation needed]}

Jenner's Initial Theory:

The initial source of infection was a disease of horses, called "the grease", and that this was transferred to cows by farmworkers, transformed, and then manifested as cowpox.

Noting the common observation that milkmaids did not generally get smallpox, Jenner theorized that the pus in the blisters which milkmaids received from cowpox (a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent) protected the milkmaids from smallpox. He may have had the advantage of hearing stories of Benjamin Jesty and others who deliberately arranged cowpox infection of their families, and then noticed a reduced smallpox risk in those families.

On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his theory by inoculating James Phipps, a young boy of 8 years, with material from the cowpox blisters of the hand of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom,^[8] whose hide hangs on the wall of the library at St George's medical school (now in Tooting). Blossom's hide commemorates one of the school's most renowned alumni. Phipps was the 17th case described in Jenner's first paper on vaccination.

Jenner inoculated Phipps with cowpox pus in both arms on the same day. The inoculation was accomplished by scraping the pus from Nelmes' blisters onto a piece of wood then transferring this to Phipps' arms. This produced a fever and some uneasiness but no great illness. Later, he injected Phipps with variolous material, which would have been the routine attempt to produce immunity at that time. No disease followed. Jenner reported that later the boy was again challenged with variolacious material and again showed no sign of infection.

Known:

Smallpox is more dangerous than variolation and cowpox less dangerous than variolation.

Hypothesis:

Infection with cowpox gives immunity to smallpox.

Test:

If variolation after infection with cowpox fails to produce a smallpox infection, immunity to smallpox has been achieved.

Consequence:

Immunity to smallpox can be induced much more safely than by variolation.

Ronald Hopkins states: "Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle.^[9] In addition he tested his theory on a series of 23 subjects. This aspect of his research method increased the validity of his evidence.

He continued his research and reported it to the Royal Society, who did not publish the initial report. After improvement and further work, he published a report of twenty-three cases. Some of his conclusions were correct, and some erroneous – modern microbiological and microscopic methods would make this easier to repeat. The medical establishment, as cautious then as now, considered his findings for some time before accepting them. Eventually vaccination was accepted, and in 1840 the British government banned variolation – the use of smallpox itself – and provided vaccination – using cowpox – free of charge. (See Vaccination acts)

1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cowlike appendages.

Jenner's continuing work on vaccination prevented his continuing his ordinary medical practice. He was supported by his colleagues and the King in petitioning Parliament and was granted £10,000 for his work on vaccination. In 1806 he was granted another £20,000 for his continuing work.

In 1803 in London he became involved with the Jennerian Institution, a society concerned with promoting vaccination to eradicate smallpox. In 1808, with government aid, this society became the National Vaccine Establishment. Jenner became a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Society on its foundation in 1805, and subsequently presented to them a number of papers. This is now the Royal Society of Medicine. In 1806, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Returning to London in 1811 he observed a significant number of cases of smallpox after vaccination occurring. He found that in these cases the severity of the illness was notably diminished by the previous vaccination. In 1821 he was appointed Physician Extraordinary to King George IV, a considerable national honour, and was made Mayor of Berkeley and Justice of the Peace. He continued his interests in natural history. In 1823, the last year of his life, he presented his Observations on the Migration of Birds to the Royal Society.

Jenner was found in a state of apoplexy on 25 January 1823, with his right side paralysed. He never fully recovered, and eventually died of an apparent stroke (he had suffered a previous stroke) on 26 January 1823, aged 73. He was survived by one son and one daughter, his elder son having died of tuberculosis at the age of 21.

Legacy

In 1979, the World Health Organization declared smallpox an eradicated disease. This was the result of coordinated public health efforts by many people, but vaccination was an essential component. And although it was declared eradicated, some samples still remain in laboratories in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States, and State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.

The importance of his work does not stop there. His vaccine also laid the groundwork for modern-day discoveries in immunology, and the field he began may someday lead to cures for arthritis, AIDS, and many other diseases of the time.^[10]

Monuments

Bronze in Kensington Gardens

Jenner's house is now a small museum housing among other things the horns of the cow, Blossom. It lies in the Gloucestershire village of Berkeley, although lack of funding may cause closure.
Jenner was buried in the chancel of the parish church of Berkeley.
A statue, by Robert William Sievier, was erected in the nave of Gloucester Cathedral.
A statue was erected in Trafalgar Square, later moved to Kensington Gardens.^[5]
Near the small Gloucestershire village of Uley, Downham Hill is locally known as 'Smallpox Hill', with a possible connection to Jenner's local work with the disease.
St George's, University of London has a wing named after him as well as a bust of him.^[11]
A small grouping of villages in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States, were named in honour of Jenner by early 19th century English settlers, including what are now the towns of Jenners, Jenner Township, Jenner Crossroads and Jennerstown, Pennsylvania.
There is a section at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital known as the Edward Jenner Ward where blood is taken specifically
Also a ward at Northwick Park Hospital is named after him, called Jenner Ward

Publications

1798 An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ
1799 Further Observations on the Variolœ Vaccinœ
1800 A Continuation of Facts and Observations relative to the Variolœ Vaccinœ 40pgs
1801 The Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation 12pgs

Footnotes

^ "Edward Jenner - (1749 – 1823)". Sundaytimes.lk. 2008-06-01. http://sundaytimes.lk/080601/FunDay/famous.html. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
^ "History - Edward Jenner (1749 - 1823)". BBC. 2006-11-01. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jenner_edward.shtml. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
^ "Edward Jenner - Smallpox and the Discovery of Vaccination". http://www.dinweb.org/dinweb/DINMuseum/Edward%20Jenner.asp. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
^ Loncarek K (April 2009). "Revolution or reformation". Croatian Medical Journal 50 (2): 195–7. doi:10.3325/cmj.2009.50.195. PMID 19399955.
^ ^a ^b Royal College of Physicians. "JENNER, Edward (1749-1750)". AIM25 Archives. http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=7135&inst_id=8.
^ The Jenner Museum. "Edward Jenner and the Cuckoo". http://www.jennermuseum.com/ej/cuckoo.shtml.
^ Plett PC (2006). "Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner [Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner]" (in German). Sudhoffs Archiv 90 (2): 219–32. PMID 17338405.
^ "Edward Jenner & Smallpox". The Edward Jenner Museum. http://www.jennermuseum.com/sv/smallpox2.shtml. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
^ Hopkins, Donald R. (2002). The greatest killer: smallpox in history, with a new introduction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-226-35168-1. OCLC 49305765.
^ "Dr. edward jenner and the small pox vaccination". Essortment.com. http://www.essortment.com/all/edwardjennersm_rmfk.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
^ St George's, University of London. "Our History". http://www.stgeorges.nhs.uk/aboutourhistory.asp.

References

This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (July 2009)

Papers at the Royal College of Physicians
Baron, John M.D. F.R.S., "The Life of Edward Jenner MD LLD FRS", Henry Colburn, London, 1827.
Edward Jenner, the man and his work. BMJ 1949 E Ashworth Underwood
Fisher, Richard B., "Edward Jenner 1749-1823," Andre Deutsch, London, 1991.
Cartwright K (October 2005). "From Jenner to modern smallpox vaccines". Occupational Medicine 55 (7): 563. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqi163. PMID 16251374.
Riedel S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings 18 (1): 21–5. PMID 16200144.
Tan SY (November 2004). "Edward Jenner (1749-1823): conqueror of smallpox". Singapore Medical Journal 45 (11): 507–8. PMID 15510320. http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/4511/4511ms1.pdf.
van Oss CJ (November 2000). "Inoculation against smallpox as the precursor to vaccination". Immunological Investigations 29 (4): 443–6. PMID 11130785.
Gross CP, Sepkowitz KA (1998). "The myth of the medical breakthrough: smallpox, vaccination, and Jenner reconsidered". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 3 (1): 54–60. doi:10.1016/S1201-9712(98)90096-0. PMID 9831677.
Willis NJ (August 1997). "Edward Jenner and the eradication of smallpox". Scottish Medical Journal 42 (4): 118–21. PMID 9507590.
Theves G (1997). "Smallpox: an historical review [Smallpox: an historical review]" (in German). Bulletin De La Société Des Sciences Médicales Du Grand-Duché De Luxembourg 134 (1): 31–51. PMID 9303824.
Kempa ME (December 1996). "Edward Jenner (1749-1823)--benefactor to mankind (100th anniversary of the first vaccination against smallpox) [Edward Jenner (1749-1823)--benefactor to mankind (100th anniversary of the first vaccination against smallpox)]" (in Polish). Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 1 (6): 433–4. PMID 9273243.
Baxby D (November 1996). "The Jenner bicentenary: the introduction and early distribution of smallpox vaccine". FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 16 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00105.x. PMID 8954347.
Larner AJ (September 1996). "Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine 335 (12): 901; author reply 902. PMID 8778627.
Aly A, Aly S (September 1996). "Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine 335 (12): 900–1; author reply 902. doi:10.1056/NEJM199609193351217. PMID 8778626.
Magner J (September 1996). "Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine 335 (12): 900. doi:10.1056/NEJM199609193351217. PMID 8778624.
Kumate-Rodríguez J (1996). "Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons [Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons]" (in Spanish). Salud Pública De México 38 (5): 379–85. PMID 9092091.
Budai J (August 1996). "200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine [200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine]" (in Hungarian). Orvosi Hetilap 137 (34): 1875–7. PMID 8927342.
Rathbone J (June 1996). "Lady Mary Wortley Montague's contribution to the eradication of smallpox". Lancet 347 (9014): 1566. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90724-2. PMID 8684145.
Baxby D (June 1996). "The Jenner bicentenary; still uses for smallpox vaccine". Epidemiology and Infection 116 (3): 231–4. doi:10.1017/S0950268800052523. PMID 8666065.
Cook GC (May 1996). "Dr William Woodville (1752-1805) and the St Pancras Smallpox Hospital". Journal of Medical Biography 4 (2): 71–8. PMID 11616267.
Baxby D (1996). "Jenner and the control of smallpox". Transactions of the Medical Society of London 113: 18–22. PMID 10326082.
Dunn PM (January 1996). "Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox". Archives of Disease in Childhood 74 (1): F77–8. PMID 8653442. PMC 2528332. http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8653442.
Meynell E (August 1995). "French reactions to Jenner's discovery of smallpox vaccination: the primary sources". Social History of Medicine 8 (2): 285–303. doi:10.1093/shm/8.2.285. PMID 11639810.
Bloch H (July 1993). "Edward Jenner (1749-1823). The history and effects of smallpox, inoculation, and vaccination". American Journal of Diseases of Children 147 (7): 772–4. PMID 8322750.
Roses DF (October 1992). "From Hunter and the Great Pox to Jenner and smallpox". Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 175 (4): 365–72. PMID 1411896.
Turk JL, Allen E (April 1990). "The influence of John Hunter's inoculation practice on Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination against smallpox". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 83 (4): 266–7. PMID 2187990.
Poliakov VE (December 1985). "Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox [Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox]" (in Russian). Medit͡sinskai͡a Sestra 44 (12): 49–51. PMID 3912642.
Hammarsten JF, Tattersall W, Hammarsten JE (1979). "Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty?". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 90: 44–55. PMID 390826.
Rodrigues BA (1975). "Smallpox eradication in the Americas". Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization 9 (1): 53–68. PMID 167890.
Wynder EL (March 1974). "A corner of history: Jenner and his smallpox vaccine". Preventive Medicine 3 (1): 173–5. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(74)90074-7. PMID 4592685.
Andreae H (June 1973). "Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago [Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago]" (in German). Das Offentliche Gesundheitswesen 35 (6): 366–7. PMID 4269783.
Friedrich I (February 1973). "A cure for smallpox. On the 150th anniversary of Edward Jenner's death [A cure for smallpox. On the 150th anniversary of Edward Jenner's death]" (in Hungarian). Orvosi Hetilap 114 (6): 336–8. PMID 4567814.
MacNalty AS (January 1968). "The prevention of smallpox: from Edward Jenner to Monckton Copeman". Medical History 12 (1): 1–18. PMID 4867646.
Udovitskaia EF (November 1966). "Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination) [Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination)]" (in Russian). Vrachebnoe Delo 11: 111–5. PMID 4885910.
Voigt K (1964). "THE PHARMACY DISPLAY WINDOW. EDWARD JENNER DISCOVERED SMALLPOX VACCINATION. [The Pharmacy Display Window. Edward Jenner Discovered Smallpox Vaccination]" (in German). Pharmazeutische Praxis 106: 88–9. PMID 14237138.
Ordnance Survey showing reference to Smallpox Hil: http://explore.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/os_routes/show/1539

External links

Jenner's papers on vaccination: http://www.bartleby.com/38/4/
A digitized copy of An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine (1798), from the Posner Memorial Collection at Carnegie Mellon
The Edward Jenner Museum & Old Cyder House Conference Centre: http://www.jennermuseum.com
The Evolution of Modern Medicine. Osler, W
Flickr images tagged Edward Jenner
Flickr images tagged Temple of Vaccinia
Review of The Edward Jenner Museum

Persondata
NAME	Jenner, Edward
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	English doctor, introduced and studied the smallpox vaccine
DATE OF BIRTH	17 May, 1749
PLACE OF BIRTH	Gloucestershire
DATE OF DEATH	26 January 1823
PLACE OF DEATH

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		Scientist. History of Science and Technology, edited by Bryan Bunch and Alexander Hellemans. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more
		Encyclopedia of Public Health. Encyclopedia of Public Health. Copyright © 2002 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
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		British History. A Dictionary of British History. Copyright © 2001, 2004 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more
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