Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway
Hemingway in 1939
Born	July 21, 1899(1899-07-21) Oak Park, Illinois, United States
Died	July 2, 1961 (aged 61) Ketchum, Idaho, United States
Occupation	Author, Novelist, Journalist
Nationality	American
Genres	War, Romance
Literary movement	The Lost Generation
Notable award(s)	Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction – 1953
Spouse(s)	Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (1921–1927) Pauline Pfeiffer (1927–1940) Martha Gellhorn (1940–1945) Mary Welsh Hemingway (1946–1961)
Children	Jack Hemingway (1923–2000) Patrick Hemingway (1928–) Gregory Hemingway (1931–2001)
Influences Knut Hamsun, Mark Twain, Rudyard Kipling, Theodore Roosevelt, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Sherwood Anderson, Pío Baroja, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Theodore Dreiser, Ring Lardner, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, Stephen Crane, Joseph Conrad
Influenced Charles Bukowski, Cormac McCarthy, Raymond Carver, Bret Easton Ellis, Richard Ford, Jack Kerouac, Elmore Leonard, Harold Pinter, J. D. Salinger, Hunter S. Thompson, Colm Tóibín, Norman Mailer, Mohsin Hamid, Richard Brautigan, K.J. Stevens, Ken Kesey, Italo Calvino, Joyce Carol Oates

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation." He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea, and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.

Hemingway's distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement, and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction writing. His protagonists are typically stoical men who exhibit an ideal described as "grace under pressure." Many of his works are now considered classics of American literature.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 World War I 1.3 Toronto and Chicago 1.4 Paris 1.5 Key West and the Caribbean 1.6 Spanish Civil War 1.7 Cuba and World War II 1.8 Cuba and later years 1.9 Ketchum and suicide 2 Writings 2.1 Early writing 2.2 The Sun Also Rises 2.3 Men Without Women 2.4 A Farewell to Arms 2.5 Death in the Afternoon 2.6 Green Hills of Africa 2.7 To Have and Have Not 2.8 The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories 2.9 For Whom the Bell Tolls 2.10 Across the River and into the Trees 2.11 The Old Man and the Sea 2.12 Later writing 3 Posthumous works 3.1 A Moveable Feast 3.2 Islands in the Stream 3.3 Short Stories 3.4 The Dangerous Summer 3.5 The Garden of Eden 3.6 True at First Light and Under Kilimanjaro 3.7 Journalism and correspondence 4 Influence and legacy 5 Family 5.1 Parents 5.2 Siblings 5.3 Own families 6 Honors 7 Tributes 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 See also 12 External links

Biography

Early life

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.^[1] Hemingway was the first son and the second child born to Clarence Edmonds "Doc Ed" Hemingway - a country doctor, and Grace Hall Hemingway. The Hemingways lived in a six-bedroom Victorian house built by Ernest's widowed maternal grandfather, Ernest Miller Hall, an English immigrant and Civil War veteran who lived with the family. Hemingway was his namesake, although Hemingway disliked his name, and "associated it with the naive, even foolish hero of Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest."^[2]

Hemingway's mother, who wanted to be an opera singer, earned money with voice and music lessons. She was domineering and narrowly religious, mirroring the strict Protestant ethic of Oak Park, The town, according to Hemingway, had "wide lawns and narrow minds".^[1] Her insistence that he learn the cello became a "source of conflict", but he later admitted the music lessons were useful to his writing as in the "contrapunctal structure of For Whom the Bell Tolls ".^[3] The family owned a summer home called Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan where they spent the summers.^[1][4] Hemingway learned to hunt, fish, and camp in the woods and lakes of Northern Michigan. His early experiences with nature instilled a passion for outdoor adventure, living in remote or isolated areas, hunting and fishing, and became permanent interests.^[4]

Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School from 1913 until 1917. There he was involved with sports: boxing, track, water polo, and football. He showed talent in English classes and was on the debate team.^[5] He wrote and edited the "Trapeze" and "Tabula" (the school's newspaper and yearbook), where he imitated the language of sportswriters, and sometimes used the pen name Ring Lardner, Jr., a nod to his literary hero Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune who used the byline "Line O'Type".^[6][7] After high school, Hemingway was hired as a cub reporter at The Kansas City Star, and like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser and Sinclair Lewis he worked as a journalist prior to becoming a novelist.^[8] Although he worked at the newspaper for only six months—from October 17, 1917 to April 30, 1918—he relied on the Star's style guide as a foundation for his writing: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative."^[9][10][11] In honor of the centennial year of Hemingway's birth (1899), The Kansas City Star named Hemingway its top reporter of the last hundred years.^{[citation needed]}

World War I

Hemingway volunteered to become an ambulance driver for the Red Cross in Italy early in 1918.^[12] He left New York in May, and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery.^[13] By June he was stationed at the Italian Front.^[14] On July 8th he was seriously wounded by mortar fire as he ran an errand to the canteen.^[14][15] Despite his wounds, Hemingway carried an Italian soldier to safety, for which he was honored with the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery.^[14][16] Two weeks shy of his nineteenth birthday, Hemingway said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you. . . .Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you."^[14] He had shrapnel wounds to both legs, had an operation at a distribution center, spent five days at a field hospital, and was transferred to the Red Cross hospital in Milan for recuperation.^[17] He spent six months in the hospital where he met and fell in love with Agnes von Kurowsky, a Red Cross nurse seven years older than he.^[14][17][18] Agnes and Hemingway planned to marry; however, she became engaged to an Italian officer in March 1919.^[19] Biographer Jeffrey Meyers claims Hemingway was devastated by Agnes' rejection, and in future relationships he followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him.^[20]

Toronto and Chicago

Hemingway returned home in early 1919, and spent the following summer at the family cottage in Michigan fishing and camping with high school friends. The summer became the genesis for his Nick Adams' story "Big Two-Hearted River".^[14][21] He then moved to Toronto and began writing for the Toronto Star Weekly, returning to Michigan for the summer of 1920.^[22] At the Toronto Star Weekly he worked as a freelancer, staff writer, and foreign correspondent.^[22] He moved to Chicago for a short period while still filing stories for the Toronto Star. He also worked as associate editor of the monthly journal Co-operative Commonwealth.^[23] Hemingway met Hadley Richardson in Chicago. She was eight years older than he (and one year older than Agnes).^[24] They married on September 3, 1921; in November he became foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star and the couple left for Paris.^[25]

Paris

Sherwood Anderson gave Hemingway letters of introduction to Gertrude Stein and other writers he met on a recent trip to Paris.^[26] Stein became Hemingway's mentor and introduced him to the "Parisian Modern Movement" in the Montparnasse Quarter. Stein referred to the expatriate artists as the "Lost Generation".^[27] The group included writers and artists such "Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Sylvia Beach, James Joyce, Max Eastman, Lincoln Steffens and Wyndham Lewis [and] the painters Miro and Picasso."^[28] Although Hemingway's relationship with Stein began as one of mentorship eventually he withdrew from her influence and their relationship deteriorated to a literary quarrel lasting decades.^[29] Hemingway also turned to Ezra Pound for mentorhship who recognized the young writer's talent. The two met in February 1922, toured Italy together in 1923, and lived on the same street in 1924.^[30] Sylvia Beach, who published James Joyce's Ulysses, ran a bookshop called Shakespeare and Company that became a popular gathering place for the writers.^[31] Hemingway first met Joyce there in March 1922, and the two writers frequently embarked on "alcoholic sprees."^[31]

Hemingway covered the Greco-Turkish War for the Toronto Star, where he witnessed the burning of Smyrna.^[32] He also wrote travel pieces such as "Tuna Fishing in Spain", "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany", and he wrote about bullfighting—"Pamplona in July; World's Series of Bull Fighting a Mad, Whirling Carnival".^[32] In December 1922 Hemingway was devastated when Hadley lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the Gare de Lyons as she was travelling from Paris to Geneva to meet him.^[33] When Hadley became pregnant in 1923 they returned to Toronto where their son John Hadley Nicanor was born on October 10, 1923.^[34] They returned to Paris at the beginning of the new year in 1924, and Hemingway decided to stop writing for the Toronto Star, recreate the lost stories, and begin writing for publication.^[35]

Also in 1924 Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit "The Transatlantic Review" which published works by Pound, John Dos Passos, and Gertrude Stein, as well as some of Hemingway's early stories such as "Indian Camp".^[36] When Hemingway's first collection of short stories, "In Our Time" was published in 1925, the dust jacket included comments from Ford.^[28][37] Six months earlier, Hemingway met F. Scott Fitzgerald, and two began a friendship of "admiration and hostility."^[38]

In the summer of 1925, Hemingway and Hadley went on their annual trip to to Pamplona to the Festival of San Fermín accompanied by a group of American and British ex-patriates.^[39] The events of the trip inspired Hemingway's first novel, The Sun Also Rises. He started writing a month later, finishing the first draft in two months. During the next six months he revised the manuscript as his marriage to Hadley began to disintegrate. Scribner's published The Sun Also Rises in October 1926.^[40]

Hemingway divorced Hadley in January 1927, and in May married Pauline Pfeiffer.^[41] Pfeiffer wrote for Vanity Fair and worked for Vogue in Paris.^[28][42][43] Hemingway converted to Catholicism to marry Pauline.^[44] Men Without Women, a collection of short stories, containing The Killers, was published in October 1927.^[45] By the end of the year Pauline was pregnant, and on the recommendation of Dos Passos, Hemingway and Pauline moved to Key West. After his departure from Paris, Hemingway "never again lived in a big city."^[46]

Key West and the Caribbean

Hemingway's second son Patrick was born in Kansas City on June 28, 1928,. Pauline's labor was difficult and she had a Caesarean.^[47] For a time they lived with Pauline's parents at the Pfeiffer House in Piggott, Arkansas, where Hemingway worked on A Farewell to Arms. After Patrick's birth Hemingway travelled to Wyoming, Massachusetts and New York. In December he received a cable with the news of his father's death who shot himself with his father's Civil War pistol, the result of suffering from ill health, depression, and financial trouble.^[47][48][49]

Hemingway continued to travel extensively, returning to France and Spain in the summer of 1929 to gather material for Death in the Afternoon. A Farewell to Arms was published in September of that year.^[50] Hemingway spent winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West" and where the hunting included deer, elk, and grizzly bear.^[51] His third son, Gregory, was born on November 12, 1931.^[52] Also In 1931, he moved into his his first American home, a present from Pauline's uncle.^[49][53] The home had a converted den on the second floor of the "carriage house" where Hemingway had a space to work quietly.^[54] When in residence in Key West, Hemingway fished in the waters around the Dry Tortugas with his longtime friend Waldo Peirce, and went to the famous bar Sloppy Joe's.^[55][56][57]

In 1933, Hemingway fulfilled a boyhood dream and travelled to Africa for ten weeks. The trip provided material for Green Hills of Africa, and the short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber".^[58][59] He visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and Machakos in Kenya, then Tanganyika on safari, where he hunted in the Serengeti, around Lake Manyara and west and southeast of the present-day Tarangire National Park. He contracted amoebic dysentery causing a prolapsed intestine and he was evacuated to Nairobi by plane, an experience which is reflected in his story "The Snows of Kilimanjaro". On this trip Hemingway's guide was Philip Hope Percival, who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari. Hemingway began writing Green Hills of Africa as soon as he returned. The book which was published in 1935.^[60]

In 1934, Hemingway bought a boat, named it the "Pilar" and began sailing the Caribbean.^[61] In 1935 he discovered Bimini where he spent considerable time.^[58] During this period he also worked on To Have and Have Not, published in 1937 when he was in Spain, and the only novel he wrote during the 1930s.^[62]

Spanish Civil War

In 1937, Hemingway travelled to Spain to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance (NANA). He arrived in France in March, and arrived in Spain ten days later with Dutch filmmaker Joris Ivens.^[63] Ivens was filming The Spanish Earth working with John Dos Passos as screen writer. However, Dos Passos wanted to leave because of the arrest and later execution of his friend José Robles, so he passed the screen-writing work over to Hemingway.^[64] Later Dos Passos changed his opinion of the republicans, which contributed to a rift between himself and Hemingway. When Dos Passos left Spain Hemingway spread a rumor that Dos Passos was a coward, which caused an irrevocable split.^[65][66]

Journalist Martha Gellhorn, whom Hemingway met in Key West in 1936, joined him in Spain.^[14][67] Hemingway and Gellhorn continued their relationship during the war, until Hemingway divorced Pauline in 1940.^[49] Pauline was a devout Catholic and sided with the pro-Catholic nationalists, whereas Hemingway supported the republicans.^[49] Hemingway wrote The Fifth Column, his only piece of drama, during the bombardment of Madrid in 1937.^[68][69] His involvement with the republicans and the International Brigade may have gone so far as teaching young Spaniards how to use rifles.^[70] In 1938, after having returned home to Key West for a few months, Hemingway returned to Spain and was present at the Battle of the Ebro, the last republican stand. With fellow British and American journalists, Hemingway rowed across the river, some of the last to leave the battle.^[71][72]

Some health problems characterized this period of Hemingway's life: Influenza, toothache, hemorrhoids, kidney trouble from fishing, torn groin muscle, finger gashed to the bone in an accident with a punching ball, lacerations (to arms, legs, and face) from a ride on a runaway horse through a deep Wyoming forest, and a broken arm from a car accident.^{[citation needed]}

Cuba and World War II

Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn moved to Cuba in 1939, and in 1940 bought the "Finca Vigia" which they had been renting.^[73] A few months later Hemingway divorced Pauline and married Martha.^[74] During that period he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls, which he began in March 1939, finished in July 1940, and which was published in October 1940.^[75] As he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls he travelled from Cuba to Wyoming to Sun Valley, Idaho.^[76] He also changed the location of his homes, as he had after his split with Hadley, moving his primary summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho, just outside of the newly built resort Sun Valley, having already moved his winter residence from Key West to Cuba.^[77] In January 1941, Martha was sent to China on assignment for Collier's magazine, and Hemingway accompanied her.^[78] Although Hemingway wrote dispatches for PM, he had little affinity for China.^[79]

When he returned to Cuba, after the beginning of World War II, Hemingway refitted the Pilar to hunt down German submarines.^[14] From June to December 1944, he was in Europe,^[80] and was present at the D-Day landing.^[81] He then attached himself to "the 22nd Regiment commanded by Col. Charles "Buck" Lanaham as it drove toward Paris", and he also had a small band of village militia in Rambouillet outside of Paris.^[82] Of Hemingway's exploits, a war historian remarks: " 'Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well.' "^[14] On August 25 he was present at the liberation of Paris, though the assertion that he was first in the city, or that he liberated the Ritz is considered part of the Hemingway legend.^[83][84] While in Paris he attended a reunion hosted by Sylvia Beach and also made up his long feud with Gertrude Stein.^[85] Hemingway was present at heavy fighting in the Hürtgenwald at the end 1944.^[86]

When Hemingway arrived in Europe, he met Time correspondent Mary Welsh in London.^[87] During the war his marriage to Martha disintegrated and the last time he saw her was in March 1945 as he was preparing to return to Cuba.^[88] In 1947 Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. His valor for having been " 'under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions,' " was recognized, with the commendation that " 'Through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat.' "^[14]

Cuba and later years

Hemingway married Mary Welsh in March 1946, and five months later she suffered an ectopic pregnancy.^[89] Hemingway and Mary suffered a series of accidents after the war: in 1945 Hemingway had a car accident and injured his knee, and over the next five years Mary suffered a number of broken bones.^[89] In 1947 his sons Patrick and Gregory had a car accident and Gregory suffered a serious illness as a consequence.^[89] Also the 1940s was a decade when many of Hemingway's friends died. In 1939 Yeats and Ford Madox Ford died; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald died; in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce died; in 1946 Gertrude Stein died; and the following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long time editor and friend, died.^[90]

Hemingway began to suffer from ill health: headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, depression, and eventually diabetes.He began writing a book titled The Garden of Eden.^[91] In 1948 Hemingway and Mary travelled to Europe and in Italy he visited the site of the his World War I accident.^[92] Soon thereafter he began work on Across the River and Into the Woods, which he worked on through 1949^[92] and published it in 1950.^[93] In 1951 he completed the draft of Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks and considered it "the best I can write ever for all of my life."^[91] The Old Man and the Sea won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa.^[94]

In Africa he was seriously injured in two successive plane crashes; he sprained his right shoulder, arm, and left leg, had a concussion, temporarily lost vision in his left eye and the hearing in his left ear, suffered paralysis of the spine, a crushed vertebra, ruptured liver, spleen and kidney, and first degree burns on his face, arms, and leg. Some American newspapers published his obituary, believing he had been killed.^[95][96] Hemingway was then badly injured a month later in a bushfire accident, which left him with second degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm.^[97]

In October 1954, Hemingway received the Nobel Prize for the Old Man and the Sea but, having just returned home to Havana after an absence of almost a full year, he chose not to accept the prize in Stockholm, because the accidents in Africa left him in too much pain to travel again.^[98] The speech he wrote and sent to be read reflected his own life as a writer: "Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate his lonliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature and as he sheds his lonliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it each day."^[97]

During the mid-1950s, Hemingway was often ill and he was bedridden from late 1956 to early 1957.^[99] The Finca Vigia became crowded with guests and tourists.^[100] He was disaffected with life in Cuba and considered a permanent move to Idaho.^[101] In 1959 he bought a home, overlooking the Big Wood River, outside of Ketchum and left Cuba, although he apparently remained on easy terms with the Castro government, going so far as telling the New York Times he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Havana.^[101][102] However, the Hemingway account "The Shot" is used by Cabrera Infante and others as evidence of conflict between Hemingway and Fidel Castro dating back to 1948 and the killing of "Manolo" Castro, a friend of Hemingway.^[103] In 1960, he left Cuba and Finca Vigía for the last time. The Cuban government claims that after her husband's death, Mary Welsh Hemingway deeded the home to the Cuban government, which made it into a museum devoted to the author.^[104] In fact, the house was appropriated after the Bay of Pigs invasion, complete with Hemingway's collection of "four to six thousand books".^[105] The Hemingways lost their home and also had art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana.^[105]

In 1957 he began A Moveable Feast, which he worked on in Cuba and Idaho from 1957 to 1960.^[106][107] In 1959, his passion for bullfighting was renewed when he spent the summer in Spain for a series of bullfight articles he was to write for Life Magazine.^[108] The following winter the manuscript grew to 63,000 words—Life only wanted 10,000 words—and he asked his friend A.E Hotchner for help organizing the manuscript.^[109][110] Hemingway's mental deterioration was noticeable, although he managed to plan a return trip to Spain to gather photographs for the manuscript. Alone in Spain, without Mary, Hemingway's mental state disintegrated rapidly. Life published the first installment in September 1960 to good reviews.^[110]

Ketchum and suicide

Hemingway left Spain, travelled straight to Idaho, and in November he entered the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota.^[111] He was registered as George Saviers, the name of his physician from Sun Valley.^[111][112] He had been receiving treatment for high blood pressure and liver problems, and he may have believed he was going to be treated for hypertension.^[113] Also, Hemingway suffered paranoia, believing he was being watched by the FBI. In fact, the FBI had opened a file on him during WWII when he used the Pilar to patrol the waters off Cuba, and J. Edgar Hoover had an agent in Havana watching Hemingway during the 1950s.^[114] The FBI knew Hemingway was at the Mayo, as an agent documented in a letter written in January, 1961.^[115] In addition, Hemingway suffered real problems: his eyesight was failing; his health was poor; and his home and possessions had been lost in Cuba.^[116]

In the spring of 1961, three months after his initial treatment at the Mayo with a series of ECT treatment, Hemingway attempted suicide. Mary convinced Saviers to hospitalize him at the Sun Valley hospital and from there he was returned to the Mayo for more shock treatments.^[117] He was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30. On the morning of July 2, 1961, he committed suicide by shooting himself with his rifle.^[118] Arriving at 7:40 a.m., Dr. Scott Earle certified the death.^[119] At request of the family, the coroner did not do an autopsy.^[120]

Other members of Hemingway's immediate family also committed suicide, including his father, Clarence Hemingway, his siblings Ursula and Leicester, and his granddaughter Margaux Hemingway. Some believe that certain members of Hemingway's paternal line had a hereditary disease known as haemochromatosis in which an excess of iron concentration in the blood causes damage to the pancreas and also causes depression or instability in the cerebrum. Wagner-Martin describes his condition in August 1947 as including high blood pressure, diabetes, depression and possible haemochromatosis..^[121] Hemingway's father is known to have developed haemochromatosis in the years prior to his suicide at age fifty-nine. Throughout his life, Hemingway had been a heavy drinker, succumbing to alcoholism in his later years.^{[citation needed]}

Hemingway is interred in the town cemetery in Ketchum, Idaho, at the north end of town. A memorial was erected in 1966 at another location, overlooking Trail Creek, north of Ketchum. It is inscribed with a eulogy he wrote for a friend, Gene Van Guilder:

Best of all he loved the fall
The leaves yellow on the cottonwoods
Leaves floating on the trout streams
And above the hills
The high blue windless skies
Now he will be a part of them forever
Ernest Hemingway - Idaho - 1939

Celebrating Hemingway's love for Idaho and the frontier, The Ernest Hemingway Festival^[122] takes place annually in Ketchum and Sun Valley in late September with scholars, a reading by the PEN/Hemingway Award winner and many more events, including historical tours, open mic nights and a sponsored dinner at Hemingway's home in Warm Springs now maintained by the Nature Conservancy in Ketchum.

Writings

Early writing

During his Paris years, in addition to filing stories for the Toronto Star, Hemingway published short stories in various journals; the Parisian edition of the short story collection in our time (1924); a collection titled Three Stories and Ten Poems (1924);^[123] followed by a revised and renamed American edition of In Our Time (1925).^[124]

The Torrents of Spring (1926), was a satirical book Hemingway wrote, apparently to break his contract with his publisher. Written in ten days, the novella was a satirical treatment of pretentious writers. According to his contract, Boni and Liveright were to publish his next three books, one of which was to be a novel, with the additional proviso that if a newly submitted work were to be rejected, then the contract would be terminated.^[125] Hemingway submitted the manuscript early in December 1925, which was rejected by the end of the month. Early in January, 1926, Max Perkins at Scribner's agreed to publish The Torrents of Spring and Hemingway's future work.^[126]

The Sun Also Rises

The Sun Also Rises (1926), was Hemingway's first novel. Written in 1925 and published in 1926, The Sun Also Rises (initially named Fiesta) was an autobiographical novel that epitomized the post-war expatriate generation for future generations.^[127] In The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway melds Paris to Spain; vividly depicts the running of the bulls in Pamplona; presents the symmetry of bullfighting as a place to face death; and blends the frenzy of the fiesta with the tranquility of the Spanish landscape. The novel is generally considered Hemingway's best work.^[128] The Sun Also Rises was adapted to film in 1957.^[129]

Men Without Women

Men Without Women (1927) was Hemingway's second collection of short stories. The volume consists of fourteen stories, ten of which had been previously published in magazines. The story subjects include bullfighting, infidelity, divorce and death. "The Killers", "Hills Like White Elephants" and "In Another Country" are considered to be among Hemingway's best work.^[130]

A Farewell to Arms

Published in 1929, A Farewell to Arms, on the surface, is about the tragic romance between an American soldier Frederic Henry, and Catherine Barkley, a British nurse. The novel is autobiographical and the plot inspired by his earlier relationship with Agnes von Kurowsky in Milan; Catherine's parturition mirrors Pauline's difficult labour with Patrick.^{[citation needed]} Below the surface, the novel is about World War I and individual tragedy within the larger picture of greater tragedy. The novel portrays the cynicism of soldiers, the displacement of populations. Hemingway's stature as an American writer was secured with the publication of A Farewell to Arms.^[131] A Farewell to Arms was adapted to film in 1932 and again in 1957.^[132][133]

Death in the Afternoon

Death in the Afternoon, a book about bullfighting, was published in 1932.^[134] Hemingway became an aficionado of the sport after seeing the Pamplona fiesta in the 1920s, fictionalized in The Sun Also Rises.^[135] In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway explores the metaphysics of bullfighting—the ritualized, almost religious practice—that he considered analgous to the writer's search for meaning and the essence of life. In bullfighting, he found the elemental nature of life and death.^[135] Hemingway considered becoming a bullfighter himself and showed middling aptitude in several novieros before deciding that writing was his true and only suitable professional metier.^{[citation needed]} In his writings on Spain, he was influenced by the Spanish master Pío Baroja. When Hemingway won the Nobel Prize, he traveled to see Baroja, then on his death bed, specifically to tell him he thought Baroja deserved the prize more than he. Baroja agreed and something of the usual Hemingway tiff with another writer ensued despite his original good intentions.^[99]

Green Hills of Africa

Green Hills of Africa (1935) initially appeared in serialization in Scribner's magazine, and was published in 1935.^[136] An autobiographical journal of his 1933 trip to Africa, Hemingway presents the subject of big game hunting in a non-fiction form in Green Hills of Africa.^[136]

To Have and Have Not

To Have and Have Not (1937) is Hemingway's only novel set in the United States. Written sporadically between 1935 and 1937, and revised as he travelled back and forth from the Spanish Civil War, To Have and Have Not is a novel about Key West and Cuba. To some extent the novel also addresses social commentary of the 1930s to mixed critical reception.^[137] In 1944, To Have or Have Not was adapted to film, starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall.^[138]

The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories

In 1938—along with his only full-length play, titled The Fifth Column—49 stories were published in the collection The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories. Hemingway's intention was, as he openly stated in his foreword, to write more. Many of the stories that make up this collection can be found in other abridged collections, including In Our Time, Men Without Women, Winner Take Nothing, and The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Some of the collection's important stories include Old Man at the Bridge, On The Quai at Smyrna, Hills Like White Elephants, One Reader Writes, The Killers and (perhaps most famously) A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. While these stories are rather short, the book also includes much longer stories, among them The Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber.^[139][140]

For Whom the Bell Tolls

In the spring of 1939, Francisco Franco and the Nationalists defeated the Republicans, ending the Spanish Civil War. Hemingway lost an adopted homeland to Franco's fascists, and would later lose his beloved Key West, Florida, home due to his 1940 divorce.

Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Cuba, Key West, and Sun Valley, Idaho in 1939.^[76] In Cuba, he lived in the Hotel Ambos.^[141] The novel was finished in July 1940,^[75] and published in Octobr.^[142] The novel is based on his experiences during the Spanish Civil War, with an American protagonist named Robert Jordan fighting with Spanish soldiers on the Republican side.^[143] The novel has three types of characters: fictional; those based on real people but fictionalized; and those who were actual figures in the war. Set in Andalusia, in the town of Ronda, the action takes place during four days and three nights. For Whom the Bell Tolls became a Book-of-the-month choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and became a literary triumph for Hemingway.^[144] In 1944, the novel was adapted to film, starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman.^[145]

Across the River and into the Trees

Across the River and into the Trees (1950), is set in post-World War II Venice, and in 1950, Hemingway's first novel in ten years. Initially serialized in Cosmopolitan Magazine, the novel was criticized for being an unsuitable autobiography; and for presenting the protagonist, Cantwell, as a bitter soldier.^[146] Of the bad reviews, he responded in an interview for the New York Times:" 'Sure they can say anything about nothing happening in Across the River, all that happens is the defense of the lower Piave, the breakthrough in Normandy, the taking of Paris...plus a man who loves a girl and dies.' "^[147] Cantwell's war experience mirrors the experience of Hemingway the writer who was feeling some modicum of failure, and generally is considered better than the critical reviews he received upon publication.^[148]

The Old Man and the Sea

Written in 1951, and published in 1952, The Old Man and the Sea is the final work published during Hemingway's lifetime. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for The Old Man and the Sea in 1954.^[149] The book was featured in Life Magazine, became a Book-of-the Month selection, and Hemingway became a celebrity.^[150] That novella's great success, both commercial and critical, satisfied and fulfilled Hemingway. It earned him the Pulitzer Prize in May, 1952.^[94]. The next year he was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Literature. Upon receiving the latter he noted that he would have been "happy; happier…if the prize had been given to that beautiful writer Isak Dinesen".^[151] These awards helped to restore his international reputation.^{[citation needed]} The Old Man and the Sea is taught in schools around the world and continues to earn foreign royalties.^[152]

Later writing

After the World War II, Hemingway started work on The Garden of Eden, which was never finished and would be published posthumously in a much-abridged form in 1986.^[153] At one stage, he planned a major trilogy which was to comprise "The Sea When Young", "The Sea When Absent" and "The Sea in Being" (the latter eventually published in 1952 as The Old Man and the Sea). He spent time in a small Italian town called Acciaroli (located approximately 136 km south of Naples). There was also a "Sea-Chase" story; three of these pieces were edited and stuck together as the posthumously published novel Islands in the Stream (1970).^{[citation needed]}

Posthumous works

A Moveable Feast

In 1956 Hemingway was reminded of a trunk left in the basement of the Ritz Hotel in Paris that contained notebooks of his Paris years. He had his secretary transcribe the notebooks, and during the period he worked on A Dangerous Summer he finished the Paris manuscript also; he gave both manuscripts to Hotchner to deliver to Scribner's. After Hemingway's suicide, Scribner's published the memoir in 1964 with the title A Moveable Feast. A new edition of the novel has been published with revisions made by Hemingway's grandson.^[107] The restorations are based on a " 'typed manuscript with original notations in Hemingway's hand – the last draft of the book that he ever worked on' " and are apparently closer to the final version intended by Hemingway.^[154]

Islands in the Stream

Published in 1970, Islands in the Stream is largely autobiographical. Hemingway began work on the novel in 1946 and kept it in a bank vault during the last years of his life.^[155] In a note forwarding Islands in the Stream, Mary Hemingway indicated that she worked with Charles Scribner, Jr. on "preparing this book for publication from Ernest's original manuscript." She also stated that "beyond the routine chores of correcting spelling and punctuation, we made some cuts in the manuscript, I feel that Ernest would surely have made them himself. The book is all Ernest's. We have added nothing to it."^{[citation needed]} The novel is his seventh novel, and he conceived it as a trilogy about the sea, using the working title "The Sea Book".^[156]

Short Stories

The Nick Adams Stories was published in 1972.^[157] A full compilation of Hemingway's short stories was published as The Complete Short Stories Of Ernest Hemingway, was published in 1987.^[158] As well, in 1969 The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War was published.^[159] It contains Hemingway's only full length play, The Fifth Column, which was previously published along with the First Forty-Nine Stories in 1938, along with four unpublished works about Hemingway's experiences during the Spanish Civil War.^[159]

The Dangerous Summer

Although not published until 1985, Hemingway worked on the draft of the The Dangerous Summer during 1959.^[160] He finished the manuscript (which grew beyond the original scope) in the spring of 1960 and sent it to Life Magazine for serialization.^[161] The first installment was published in September, 1960.^[161] The initial project was to write about the matadors Ordonez and his brother-in-law Dominguin and their "mano a mano duel between two matadors".^[160]

The Garden of Eden

Early in 1946 Hemingway began work on Garden of Eden and had written eight hundred pages by the following summer.^[162] For fifteen years he continued to work on the novel which remained uncompleted.^[163] It was published in 1986, consisting of 30 chapters and 70,000 words. The publisher's "note" admits that cuts were made to the novel, and according to biographers, Hemingway had achieved 48 chapters and 200,000 words. Scribner's removed a as much as two thirds of the extant manuscript and one long subplot.^[163]

True at First Light and Under Kilimanjaro

True at First Light was published in 1999. The book is a presented as a "fictional memoir" and was edited by Heminway's second son, Patrick Hemingway. Six years later the work was republished a second time as Under Kilimanjaro.^[154] The work is based on a partially written manuscript, and is about Hemingway's second trip to Africa. Under Kilimanjaro was edited by Robert W. Lewis and Robert E. Fleming who state: “this book deserves as complete and faithful a publication as possible without editorial distortion, speculation, or textually unsupported attempts at improvement.” ^[164]

Journalism and correspondence

Also published posthumously were several collections of his work as a journalist. These contain his columns and articles for Esquire Magazine, The North American Newspaper Alliance, and the Toronto Star; they include Byline: Ernest Hemingway edited by William White, and Hemingway: The Wild Years edited by Gene Z. Hanrahan. Finally, a collection of introductions, forwards, public letters and other miscellanea was published as Hemingway and the Mechanism of Fame in 2005.^{[citation needed]}

Hemingway was a prolific correspondent and, in 1981, many of his letters were published by Charles Scribner's Sons in Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters. It was met with some controversy as Hemingway himself stated he never wished to publish his letters. Further letters were published in a book of his correspondence with his editor Max Perkins, The Only Thing that Counts 1996.A long-term project is now underway to publish the thousands of letters Hemingway wrote during his lifetime. The project is being undertaken as a joint venture by Penn State University and the Ernest Hemingway Foundation. Sandra Spanier, Professor of English and wife of Penn State president Graham Spanier, is serving as general editor of the collection.^[165]

Influence and legacy

The influence of Hemingway's writings on American literature was considerable and continues today. James Joyce called "A Clean, Well Lighted Place" "one of the best stories ever written". (The same story also influenced several of Edward Hopper's best known paintings, most notably "Nighthawks."^[166] ) Pulp fiction and "hard boiled" crime fiction (which flourished from the 1920s to the 1950s) often owed a strong debt to Hemingway.^{[citation needed]}

During World War II, J. D. Salinger met and corresponded with Hemingway, whom he acknowledged as an influence.^[167] In one letter to Hemingway, Salinger wrote that their talks "had given him his only hopeful minutes of the entire war," and jokingly "named himself national chairman of the Hemingway Fan Clubs."^[168]

Hunter S. Thompson often compared himself to Hemingway, and terse Hemingway-esque sentences can be found in his early novel, The Rum Diary.^{[citation needed]}

Hemingway's terse prose style--"Nick stood up. He was all right."-- is known to have inspired Charles Bukowski, Chuck Palahniuk, Douglas Coupland and many Generation X writers. Hemingway's style also influenced Jack Kerouac and other Beat Generation writers. Hemingway also provided a role model to fellow author and hunter Robert Ruark, who is frequently referred to as "the poor man's Ernest Hemingway."^{[citation needed]}

Popular novelist Elmore Leonard, who has authored scores of western- and crime-genre novels, cites Hemingway as his preeminent influence, and this is evident in his tightly written prose. Though Leonard has never claimed to write serious literature, he has said: "I learned by imitating Hemingway.... until I realized that I didn't share his attitude about life. I didn't take myself or anything as seriously as he did."^{[citation needed]}

Family

Parents

• Father: Clarence Hemingway. Born September 2, 1871, died December 6, 1928. General practitioner and obstetrician.^[169]
• Mother: Grace Hall Hemingway. Born June 15, 1872, died June 28, 1951

Siblings

• Marcelline Hemingway. Born January 15, 1898, died December 9, 1963
• Ursula Hemingway. Born April 29, 1902, died October 30, 1966
• Madelaine Hemingway. Born November 28, 1904, died January 14, 1995
• Carol Hemingway. Born July 19, 1911, died October 27, 2002
• Leicester Hemingway. Born April 1, 1915, died September 13, 1982

Own families

• Elizabeth Hadley Richardson. Married September 3, 1921, divorced April 4, 1927, died January 22, 1979.

Son, John Hadley Nicanor "Jack" Hemingway (aka Bumby). Born October 10, 1923, died December 1, 2000.

Granddaughter, Joan (Muffet) Hemingway

Granddaughter, Margaux Hemingway. Born February 16, 1954, died July 2, 1996

Granddaughter, Mariel Hemingway. Born November 22, 1961

Great-Granddaughter, Dree Hemingway. Born 1987

• Pauline Pfeiffer. Married May 10, 1927, divorced November 4, 1940, died October 21, 1951.

Son, Patrick. Born June 28, 1928.

Granddaughter, Mina Hemingway

Son, Gregory Hemingway (called 'Gig' by Hemingway; later called himself 'Gloria'). Born November 12, 1931, died October 1, 2001.

Grandchildren, Patrick, Edward, Sean, Brendan, Vanessa, Maria, Adiel, John Hemingway and Lorian Hemingway

• Martha Gellhorn. Married November 21, 1940, divorced December 21, 1945, died February 15, 1998.
• Mary Welsh. Married March 14, 1946, died November 26, 1986.

Honors

During his lifetime Hemingway was awarded:^{[citation needed]}

• Silver Medal of Military Valor (medaglia d'argento) in World War I;
• Bronze Star (War Correspondent-Military Irregular in World War II), 1947;
• American Academy of Arts and Letters Award of Merit, 1954;
• Pulitzer Prize for The Old Man and the Sea, 1953;
• Nobel Prize in Literature for lifetime literary achievement, 1954;
• two medals for bull-fighting.

A minor planet, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, was named for him—3656 Hemingway.^[170]

On July 17, 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a 25-cent postage stamp honoring Hemingway.^[171]

Tributes

• Hemingway is the implied subject of the Ray Bradbury story The Kilimanjaro Device. Using the plot device of a time machine, the tale creates a loving tribute that undoes his suicide. The story appears in the Bradbury collection I Sing The Body Electric.
• In 1999, Michael Palin retraced the footsteps of Hemingway, in Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure, a BBC television documentary, one hundred years after the birth of his favorite writer. The journey took him through many sites including Chicago, Paris, Italy, Africa, Key West, Cuba, and Idaho. Together with photographer Basil Pao, Palin also created a book version of the trip. The text of the book is available for free on Palin's website. Four years earlier, Palin also wrote a book, Hemingway's Chair, about an assistant post-office manager with an obsession with Hemingway.
• Since 1987, actor-writer Ed Metzger has portrayed the life of Ernest Hemingway in his one-man stage show, Hemingway: On The Edge, featuring stories and anecdotes from Hemingway's own life and adventures. Metzger quotes Hemingway, "My father told me never kill anything you're not going to eat. At the age of 9, I shot a porcupine. It was the toughest lesson I ever had." More information about the show is available at his website
• Hemingway's World War II experiences in Cuba have been novelized by Dan Simmons as a spy thriller, The Crook Factory.
• Hemingway, played by Jay Underwood, was a recurring character in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. In one episode, set in Northern Italy in 1916, Hemingway the ambulance driver gives young Indy (Sean Patrick Flanery) advice about women—only to discover that he and Indy are rivals for the heart of the same woman. (The episode shows Indy unwittingly influencing Hemingway's future writing, by reciting the Elizabethan poem, A Farewell to Arms by George Peele.) In another episode, set in Chicago in 1920, Hemingway the newspaper reporter helps Indy and a young Eliot Ness in their investigation of the murder of gangster James Colosimo.
• The 1993 motion picture Wrestling Ernest Hemingway, about the friendship of two retired men, one Irish, one Cuban, in a seaside town in Florida, starred Robert Duvall, Richard Harris, Shirley MacLaine, Sandra Bullock, and Piper Laurie.
• The 1996 motion picture In Love and War, based on the book Hemingway in Love and War by Henry S. Villard and James Nagel, is the story of the young reporter Ernest Hemingway (played by Chris O'Donnell) as an ambulance driver in Italy during World War I. While bravely risking his life in the line of duty, he is injured and ends up in the hospital, where he falls in love with his nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky (Sandra Bullock).
• In the 1989 James Bond film Licence to Kill, Bond (played by Timothy Dalton) meets with M at the Hemingway House. When asked for his gun after handing in his resignation, Bond exclaims "I guess it's a Farewell To Arms," in reference to the work of the same name.
• Joyce Carol Oates wrote a loosely biographical short story of the last days of Hemingway called Papa at Ketchum, 1961 in her 2008 book Wild Nights.
• Ska/Punk band Streetlight Manifesto references Hemingway in their 2003 song "Here's to LIfe". The song discusses Streetlight Manifesto's lead singer Tomas Kalnoky heroes which include Hemingway. "Hemingway never seemed to mind the banalities of a normal life and I find, it gets harder every time So he aimed the shotgun into the blue Placed his face in between the twoand sighed, "Here's To Life!"
• Every year for the past thirty years the International Imitation Hemingway Competition, also knowing as the "Bad Hemingway," has held a competition for the best worst story written in the style of Ernest Hemingway.^[172]

Notes

References

Further reading

See also

• Flash fiction
• Great American Novel

External links

Hemingway's grave at Find A grave: http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1232

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Ernest Hemingway

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ernest Hemingway

• Ernest Hemingway.org.uk
• Timeless Hemingway
• The Charles D. Field Collection of Ernest Hemingway(call number M0440; 1.25 linear ft) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
• The Hemingway Society
• New York Times obituary, July 3, 1961
• Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure Based on a PBS lecture series narrated by Michael Palin.
• CNN: A Hemingway Retrospective
• Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum in Key West, Florida, official website
• The Hemingway-Pfeiffer Museum and Educational Center
• Hemingway’s Reading 1910–1940
• Works by or about Ernest Hemingway in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Hemingway's work on IBList
• Ernest Hemingway's Collection at The University of Texas at Austin

v • d • e Works by Ernest Hemingway Novels The Torrents of Spring (1926) · The Sun Also Rises (1926) · A Farewell to Arms (1929) · To Have and Have Not (1937) · For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) · Across the River and into the Trees (1950) · The Old Man and the Sea (1952) · Islands in the Stream (1970) · The Garden of Eden (1986) Short stories "Big Two-Hearted River" (1924) · "Soldier's Home" (1925) · "Cat in the Rain" (1925) · "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" (1926) · "A Canary for One" (1926) · "Hills Like White Elephants" (1927) · "The Killers" (1927) · "The Undefeated" (1927) · "A Day's Wait" (1933) · "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1936) · "The Capital of the World" (1936) · "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" (1936) · "The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio" (?) · "Adventures of a Young Man" (?) Short story collections Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923) · In Our Time (1925) · Men Without Women (1927) · Winner Take Nothing (1933) · The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1936) · The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938) · The Essential Hemingway (1947) · The Hemingway Reader (1953) · The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War (1969) · The Nick Adams Stories (1972) · The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1987) · The Collected Stories (1995) Plays A Short Happy Life (1961) · The Hemingway Hero (1967) Poetry 88 Poems (1979) Non-fiction Death in the Afternoon (1932) · Green Hills of Africa (1935) · Hemingway, The Wild Years (1962) · A Moveable Feast (1964) · By-Line: Ernest Hemingway (1967) · Ernest Hemingway: Cub Reporter (1970) · Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917–1961 (1981) · The Dangerous Summer (1985) · Dateline: Toronto (1985) · True at First Light (1999 memoir) · Under Kilimanjaro (2005) · On Paris (On) (2008) Film adaptations A Farewell to Arms (1932) · For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943) · To Have and Have Not (1944) · The Killers (1946) · The Macomber Affair (1947) · The Breaking Point (1950) · The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952) · The Killers (1956) · The Sun Also Rises (1957) · A Farewell to Arms (1957) · The Old Man and the Sea (1958) · Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962) · The Killers (1964) · For Whom the Bell Tolls (1965) · Islands in the Stream (1977) · The Sun Also Rises (1984) · In Love and War (1996) · The Old Man and the Sea (1999) TV adaptations The Old Man and the Sea (1990)

v • d • e Nobel Laureates in Literature Pär Lagerkvist (1951) · François Mauriac (1952) · Winston Churchill (1953) · Ernest Hemingway (1954) · Halldór Laxness (1955) · Juan Ramón Jiménez (1956) · Albert Camus (1957) · Boris Pasternak (1958) · Salvatore Quasimodo (1959) · Saint-John Perse (1960) · Ivo Andrić (1961) · John Steinbeck (1962) · Giorgos Seferis (1963) · Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award) (1964) · Michail Sholokhov (1965) · Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs (1966) · Miguel Ángel Asturias (1967) · Yasunari Kawabata (1968) · Samuel Beckett (1969) · Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1970) · Pablo Neruda (1971) · Heinrich Böll (1972) · Patrick White (1973) · Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson (1974) · Eugenio Montale (1975) Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present

v • d • e Bancarella Prize winners Ernest Hemingway (1953) · Giovannino Guareschi (1954) · Hervé Le Boterf (1955) · Hanh Suyn (1956) · Werner Keller (1957) · Boris Pasternak (1958) · Heinrich Gerlac (1959) · Bonaventura Tecchi (1960) · André Schwarz Bart (1961) · Cornelius Ryan (1962) · Caccia Dominioni (1963) · Giulio Bedeschi (1964) · Luigi Preti (1965) · Vincenzo Pappalettera (1966) · Indro Montanelli (1967) · Isaac Bashevis Singer (1968) · Peter Colosimo (1969) · Oriana Fallaci (1970) · Enzo Biagi (1971) · Alberto Bevilacqua (1972) · Roberto Gervaso (1973) · Giuseppe Berto (1974) · Susanna Agnelli (1975) · Carlo Cassola (1976) · Giorgio Saviane (1977) · Alex Haley (1978) · Massimo Grillandi (1979) · Maurice Denuziere (1980) · Sergio Zavoli (1981) · Gary Jennings (1982) · Renato Barneschi (1983) · Luciano De Crescenzo (1984) · Giulio Andreotti (1985) · Pasquale Festa Campanile (1986) · Enzo Biagi (1987) · Cesare Marchi (1988) · Umberto Eco (1989) · Vittorio Sgarbi (1990) · Antonio Spinosa (1991) · Alberto Bevilacqua (1992) · Carmen Covito (1993) · John Grisham (1994) · Jostein Gaarder (1995) · Stefano Zecchi (1996) · Giampaolo Pansa (1997) · Paco Ignacio Taibo (1998) · Ken Follett (1999) · Michael Connelly (2000) · Andrea Camilleri (2001) · Federico Audisio (2002) · Alessandra Appiano (2003) · Bruno Vespa (2004) · Gianrico Carofiglio (2005) · Andrea Vitali (2006) · Frank Schätzing (2007) · Valerio Massimo Manfredi (2008)

Persondata
NAME	Hemingway, Ernest Miller
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American writer and journalist
DATE OF BIRTH	July 21, 1899(1899-07-21)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Oak Park, Illinois
DATE OF DEATH	July 2, 1961
PLACE OF DEATH	Ketchum, Idaho