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Mercedes-Benz

 
Modern Design Dictionary: Mercedes-Benz
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(established 1926)

Perhaps the most famous name associated with German automobile manufacture, both on account of its historic origins in the pioneering days of automobile design and of its long association with innovation, quality, and style. The origins of the company lay in the 1880s' pioneering work of Carl Benz, who is often credited with the invention of the motor car. The Mercedes name was first introduced for a sports car in 1901 and, in 1926, the Benz and Daimler companies merged. In the following year the famous Mercedes S sports car was introduced, followed by the SS (Super Sport) and SSK (Super Sport Kurz, designed by Ferdinand Porsche) models in 1928, all of which did much to establish the company's standing as a manufacturer of luxury cars, a position enhanced further by the introduction of the 500K, designed by Friedrich Geiger in 1936. The company's global reputation developed with the introduction of the highly successful Silver Arrow racing cars in 1934, winning a number of Grand Prix world championships before the Second World War. In the post-war years one of the most famous models was the low-slung 300 SL of 1954 with its upward opening ‘wing’ doors designed by Geiger. From the late 1950s Geiger worked closely with Béla Barény from the company's development department and Italian Bruno Sacco, who had joined Mercedes Benz in 1958. Key models included the 220 S Coupé of 1961 by Karl Wilfert and the 230 SL sports car by Barény of 1963. Sacco became increasingly influential in the 1970s, working on the S-Class model series launched in 1972. He took over as head of styling from Geiger in 1975, becoming chief designer in 1987 until Peter Pfeiffer succeeded him in 1999. In 1987 the Advanced Design Department had been established as a means of sharpening the company's design policy and identity of model ranges such as the E-Class that had been launched in 1982. In the 1990s the company sought to capture a new, younger affluent urban market keen to access the Mercedes-Benz marque with the launch of its distinctive super-mini A-Series launched in 1997. Even more radical was the diminutive two-seater Smart town car, a collaboration between Daimler-Benz (Mercedes' parent company) and the Swatch watch manufacturers SMH, launched in 1998.

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Wikipedia: Mercedes-Benz
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
For other uses of the name Mercedes, see Mercedes.
Mercedes-Benz
Type Division of Daimler AG
Founded 1881
Founder(s) Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Benz
Headquarters Stuttgart, Germany
Area served Worldwide
Key people Dieter Zetsche, CEO
Industry Automotive industry
Products Automobiles
Trucks
Buses
Engines
Parent Daimler AG
Website Mercedes-Benz.com

Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks. It is currently a division of the parent company, Daimler AG (formerly DaimlerChrysler AG), after previously being owned by Daimler-Benz. Mercedes-Benz has its origins in Karl Benz's creation of the first gasoline-powered motorcycle in January 1886,[1] and by Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach's conversion of a 1873 Bollée steam-engine automobile by the addition of a petrol engine the same year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft. The first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's companies into the Daimler-Benz company.[1] Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that have become common in other vehicles several years later.[citation needed]

Contents

Subsidiaries

Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH is an independent subsidiary based in Stuttgart-Vaihingen, founded in 2000. Its business include car accessories, personal accessories, Collection and promotional items, and product design.[2]

Mercedes-Benz AMG became a majority owned division of Mercedes-Benz in 1998.[3] The company was integrated into DaimlerChrysler in 1999[4], and became Mercedes-Benz AMG beginning in 1999-01-01.[5]

Quality

Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz had a reputation for its quality and durability. Objective measures looking at passenger vehicles such as J.D. Power surveys demonstrated a downturn in reputation in this criteria in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By mid-2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the industry average for initial quality, a measure of problems after the first 90 days of ownership, according to J.D. Power.[6] In J.D. Power's Initial Quality Study for the first quarter of 2007, Mercedes showed dramatic improvement by climbing from 25th to 5th place, surpassing quality leader Toyota and earning several awards for its models.[7] For 2008, Mercedes-Benz's initial quality rating improved by yet another mark, now in fourth place.[8] On top of this accolade, it also received the Platinum Plant Quality Award for its Mercedes’ Sindelfingen, Germany assembly plant.[8] As of 2009, Consumer Reports of the United States has changed their reliability ratings for several Mercedes-Benz vehicles to "average," and recommending the E-Class and the S-Class.[9]

Motorsport

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Main Article Mercedes-Benz in motorsport.
A DMG Mercedes Simplex 1906 in the Deutsches Museum
1957 Mercedes-Benz 300Sc Cabriolet
1959 Mercedes-Benz W120 Model 180

The two companies which were merged to form the Mercedes-Benz brand in 1926 had both already enjoyed success in the new sport of motor racing throughout their separate histories- both had entries in the very first automobile race Paris to Rouen 1894. This has continued, and throughout its long history, the company has been involved in a range of motorsport activities, including sports car racing and rallying. On several occasions Mercedes-Benz has withdrawn completely from motorsport for a significant period, notably in the late 1930s and after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, where a Mercedes-Benz 300SLR collided with another car and killed more than 80 spectators. Although there was some activity in the intervening years, it was not until 1987 that Mercedes-Benz returned to front line competition, returning to Le Mans, DTM, and F-1 sports car racing with Sauber.

The 1990s saw Mercedes-Benz purchase engine builder Ilmor (now Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines), and campaign IndyCars under the USAC/CART rules, eventually winning the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and 1994 CART IndyCar World Series Championship with Al Unser, Jr. at the wheel. The 90s also saw the return of Mercedes-Benz to GT racing, and the Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR, both of which took the company to new heights by dominating the FIA's GT1 class.

Mercedes-Benz is currently active in three forms of motorsport, Formula Three, DTM and Formula One. In Formula One, the company part owns Team McLaren and has supplied the team with engines engineered by Ilmor[10] since 1995. This partnership has brought success, including Drivers Championships for Mika Häkkinen in 1998 and 1999 and for Lewis Hamilton in 2008, as well as a Constructors Championship in 1998. The collaboration with McLaren has been extended into the production of roadgoing cars such as the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. In 2009, Ross Brawn's newly conceived Formula One team, Brawn used Mercedes engines to help Jenson Button to become champion in the F1 Drivers' Championship.

Business alliances (Studebaker-Packard Corporation)

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In 1958 Mercedes-Benz entered into a distribution agreement with the Studebaker-Packard Corporation of South Bend, Indiana (USA), makers of Studebaker and Packard brand automobiles. Under the deal, Studebaker would allow Mercedes-Benz access to their U.S. dealer network, handle shipments of vehicles to those dealers, and in return receive compensation for each car sold. Studebaker also was permitted to use the German automaker’s name in its advertisements, which stressed Studebaker's quality over quantity.

When Studebaker entered into informal discussions with Franco-American automaker Facel Vega about offering their Facel Vega Excellence model in the United States, Mercedes-Benz objected to the proposal. Studebaker, which needed Mercedes-Benz distribution payments to help stem heavy losses, dropped further action on the plan.

Mercedes-Benz maintained an office within the Studebaker works in South Bend from 1958 to 1963 when Studebaker's U.S. operations ceased. Many U.S Studebaker dealers converted to Mercedes-Benz dealerships at that time. When Studebaker closed its Canadian operation and left the automobile business in 1966, remaining Studebaker dealers had the option to convert their dealerships to Mercedes-Benz dealership agreements.

Production

Besides its native Germany, Mercedes-Benz vehicles are also manufactured or assembled in:

Models

Mercedes-Benz range today

Mercedes-Benz has a full range of passenger, light commercial and heavy commercial equipment. Production is on a global basis. The Smart brand of city cars has also been part of the Mercedes-Benz Group since 1994.

Passenger cars

See also: List of Mercedes-Benz cars
Pope Benedict XVI in a Mercedes-Benz Popemobile in São Paulo, Brazil

The following passenger vehicles were in production in 2009:

Significant car models produced

McLaren cars

A silver SLR McLaren on display at the 2006 European Motor Show in Brussels.

Mercedes-Benz has also produced a sports car with McLaren Cars, an extension of the collaboration by which Mercedes engines are used by the Team McLaren-Mercedes Formula One racing team, which is part owned by Mercedes. The 2003 Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren has a carbon fiber body with a 5.4l V8 supercharged engine. This is the same block as featured in SL55 AMG and the CLS55 AMG, though modified to give 460 kW (630 PS; 620 hp) and 780 N·m (575 ft·lb) of torque. The SLR has a maximum speed of 337 kilometres per hour (209 mph) and costs approximately US$500,000. Due to European pedestrian-protection regulations, McLaren has decided to cease production of the SLR in 2009.[24]

The most recent new joint-venture model, expected to reach production, is the mid-engine P8 sports car. Based around a unique carbon fiber monocoque, manufactured by McLaren, the P8 was originally predicted to receive the new naturally aspirated 6.2L V8 from Mercedes-AMG, but insiders[citation needed] now say that the engine will be modified for the car and will probably be twin- turbocharged to produce in excess of 600 bhp (450 kW). The car is still in development, but likely to reach production to go on sale in early 2008, and have a price tag less than that of the SLR.

Car nomenclature

In 1994 (starting with the 1994 models), the traditional nomenclature of Mercedes-Benz vehicles changed. Since the early days of the company the name would be in the form of (for example) 500E where the engine displacement made up the first three numbers and the last letter(s) represented the type of engine and/or chassis; for example: "E" for fuel injection ("Einspritzung" in German), "D" for Diesel, "L" for long wheelbase etc.

In 1994, this was altered so that the prefix reflected the model ("class", German "Klasse", in Mercedes-Benz terminology) and a number the displacement. The suffix was retained in some cases, for example "L" for long wheelbase, and "CDI" for Diesel (CDI = Common-rail Direct Injection). Thus, the 500E in the example above became the E500 ("E-Klasse", 5 liters displacement). It should also be noted that while in the past the model number generally accurately reflected the actual engine displacement, this is currently not always the case—for example the E200 CDI and E220 CDI actually both have a 2.2 liter/litre displacement, and the C240 actually has a 2.6 liter/litre engine.

Electric vehicles

Mercedes has showed in 2009 the Vision S500 PHEV gasoline concept vehicle with a 19 miles (31 km) all-electric range and CO2 emissions of 74 grams/km in the New European Driving Cycle.[25]

At the 2007 Frankfurt motor show, Mercedes-Benz also showed seven hybrid models, including the F700 concept car which combined hybrid drive with the innovative DiesOtto engine.[26][27] In 2009, the S400 hybrid sedan is scheduled to go on sale.[28]

On the other hand, Mercedes-Benz says it will have a demonstration fleet of practical, if small, electric vehicles on the road in two to three years, from 2008.[29]

Mercedes-Benz S 400 BlueHYBRID[30] will be launched in calendar 2009 and will be the first production automotive hybrid in the world to use a lithium ion battery.[31][32]

Mercedes-Benz BlueZERO cars were introduced in the 2009 North American International Auto Show.[33][34]

Wiki letter w.svg This section requires expansion.

Concept models

Interior of the Ocean Drive Concept

Buses

Main article: Mercedes-Benz buses

Mercedes-Benz also produces buses, mainly for Europe and Asia.

The first factory to be built outside Germany after WWII was in Argentina. It originally built trucks, many of which were modified independently to buses, popularly named Colectivo. Today it builds buses, trucks and the Sprinter Van.

Vans

Mercedes-Benz Vario

Mercedes-Benz produces a range of vans. The current (January 2009) range consists of:

Previous models include:

Trucks

Mercedes-Benz is one of the world's largest manufacturer of trucks.[citation needed]

The current (January 2009) range consists of:

Old Mercedes-Benz L-series truck

Bicycles

Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH introduced 3 new bicycles in 2005, named Automatic Bike from upwards of USD$699, Fitness Bike from upwards of USD$999, Mountain Bike from upwards of USD$1399 (Prices recorded from immediate release date).[35] The bikes are sold in Australia,[36] Germany, and Russia.[37]

List of bicycles:

Tuners

Several companies have become car tuners (or modifiers) of Mercedes Benz, in order to increase performance and/or luxury to a given model.

In house

AMG is Mercedes-Benz's in-house performance-tuning division, specializing in high-performance versions of most Mercedes-Benz cars. AMG engines are all hand-built [38] and each completed engine receives a tag with the signature of the engineer who built it. AMG has been wholly owned by Mercedes-Benz since 1999.[39] On the 2009 IAA in Frankfurt, Germany, Mercedes officially introduced the SLS AMG, a revival of the 300SL Gullwing, and the first car to be developed by AMG.

Aftermarket tuners

There are numerous independent tuners:

Noted employees (selection)

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Innovations

Numerous technological innovations have been introduced on Mercedes-Benz automobiles throughout the many years of their production, including:

  • The internal combustion automobile was developed independently by Benz and Daimler & Maybach in 1886.
  • Daimler invented the honeycomb radiator of the type still used on all water-cooled vehicles today.
  • Daimler invented the float carburetor which was used until replaced by fuel injection.
  • The "drop chassis"--the car originally designated the "Mercedes" by Daimler was also the first car with a modern configuration having the carriage lowered and set between the front and rear wheels, with a front engine and powered rear wheels. All earlier cars were "horseless carriages", which had high centers of gravity and various engine/drive-train configurations.
  • The first passenger road car to have brakes on all four wheels (1924) [41]
  • The "Safety cage" or "Safety cell" construction with front and rear crumple zones was first developed by Mercedes-Benz in 1951. This is considered by many as the most important innovation in automobile construction from a safety standpoint [42][verification needed]
  • In 1959, Mercedes-Benz patented a device that prevents drive wheels from spinning by intervening at the engine, transmission, or brakes. In 1987, Mercedes-Benz applied its patent by introducing a Traction control system that worked under both braking and acceleration.
  • Mercedes-Benz was the first to introduce pre-tensioners to seat belts on the 1981 S-Class. In the event of a crash, a pre-tensioner will tighten the belt instantaneously, preventing the passenger from jerking forward in a crash.
  • In September 2003, Mercedes-Benz introduced the world's first 7-speed automatic transmission called '7G-Tronic'.
  • Stability control, brake assist,[43] and many other types of safety equipment were all developed, tested, and implemented into passenger cars—first—by Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz has not made a large fuss about its innovations and has even licensed them for use by competitors—in the name of improving automobile and passenger safety - In fact, crumple zones and anti-lock brakes are now used on all modern luxury vehicles.[42][verification needed]
Mercedes M156 engine
  • The most powerful naturally-aspirated eight cylinder engine in the world is the Mercedes-AMG, 6208 cc M156 V8 engine. The V8 engine is badged '63 AMG' and replaced the '55 AMG' M113 engine in most models. The M156 engine produces up to 525 bhp (391 kW), and although some models using this engine do have this output (such as the S63 and CL63 AMGs) specific output varies slightly across other models in the range.[44]
  • The (W211) E320 CDI which has a (VTG) turbocharged, 3.0L V6 common rail diesel engine (producing 224-horsepower), set three world endurance records. It covered 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in a record time with an average speed of 224.823 km/h (140 mph). Three identical cars did the endurance run (one set above record) and the other two cars set world records for time taken to cover 100,000 km and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) respectively. After all three cars had completed the run their combined distance was 300,000 miles (480,000 km) (all records were FIA approved).[45]
  • Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system called Pre-Safe to detect an imminent crash and prepares the car's safety systems to respond optimally. It also calculates the optimal braking force required to avoid an accident in emergency situations and makes it immediately available for when the driver depresses the brake pedal. Occupants are also prepared by tightening the seat belt, closing the sunroof and windows, and moving the seats into the optimal position.
  • Mercedes Benz developed a fatigue-detection system, known as Attention Assist that warns the driver when they are displaying signs of micro-sleep (when the eyes stay closed for slightly longer than a natural blinking action). The system will use a variety of data including the individual driving style, the duration of the journey, the time of day and the current traffic situation. Fatigue mostly sets in gradually.[46]
  • Mercedes Benz invented the adaptive highbeam assist system which automatically and continuously adapts the headlamp range to the distance of vehicles ahead or which are oncoming. The new system continually adjusts the beam so that the headlamp cone falls just in front of other vehicles, at the same time always ensuring maximum possible range without dazzling other road users. The adaptive highbeam assist is introduced first in the new generation E-Class.

Half a century of vehicle safety innovation helped win Mercedes- Benz the Safety Award at the 2007 What Car? Awards [41]

Robot cars

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Main article: Driverless car

In the 1980s Mercedes built the world's first robot car, together with the team of Professor Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr Universität München. Partially encouraged by Dickmanns' success, in 1987 the European Union's EUREKA programme initiated the Prometheus Project on autonomous vehicles, funded to the tune of nearly 800 million Euros. A culmination point was achieved in 1995, when Dickmanns´ re-engineered autonomous S-Class Mercedes took a long trip from Munich in Bavaria to Copenhagen in Denmark and back. On highways the robot achieved speeds exceeding 175 kilometres per hour (roughly 110 miles per hour; permissible in some areas of the German Autobahn). The car's abilities has heavily influenced robot car research and funding decisions worldwide.

CAFE

In the United States due to an inability to meet federal fuel economy regulations, Mercedes-Benz was fined a record US$30.66 million.[47] Certain Mercedes-Benz cars sold in the United States also face an additional gas guzzler tax.

References

  1. ^ a b Edmunds.com - Mercedes-Benz History
  2. ^ Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH founded
  3. ^ Behind the Scenes: Mercedez-Benz AMG
  4. ^ Mercedes-AMG: unique, top-quality model line-up is popular worldwide
  5. ^ The history of Mercedes-AMG GmbH
  6. ^ Business Week, November 2006
  7. ^ J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Ford Motor Company Captures Most Awards in 2007 Initial Quality Study
  8. ^ a b 2008 Initial Quality Study | J.D. Power and Associates
  9. ^ "Reliability trends, reliability findings". Consumerreports.org. 2009-03-24. http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/used-cars/reliability/best-worst-in-car-reliability-1005/reliability-findings/reliability-findings.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
  10. ^ "Ilmor: Bowmen of the Silver Arrows". Atlasf1.autosport.com. http://atlasf1.autosport.com/2001/jan03/tytler.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
  11. ^ /// Mercedes-Benz Argentina ///
  12. ^ Going, Going, Graz | Automotive Industries | Find Articles at BNET
  13. ^ DaimlerChrysler
  14. ^ Mercedes-Benz Egypt - Passenger cars NG
  15. ^ "Mercedes-Benz Plant Kecskemét". Daimler-Benz. http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-8792-1-1207457-1-0-0-0-0-0-91-7155-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html. Retrieved 2009-10-15. 
  16. ^ "Germany: Daimler Selects Plant Site". New York Times. 2008-06-19. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/19/business/worldbusiness/19fobriefs-DAIMLERSELEC_BRF.html?emc=eta1. Retrieved 2009-10-15. 
  17. ^ Mercedes-Benz India - Passenger Cars Homepage
  18. ^ Mercedes-Benz Indonesia - Passenger Cars homepage
  19. ^ DaimlerChrysler Malaysia
  20. ^ Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company Ltd
  21. ^ South Africa's automotive industry - SouthAfrica.info
  22. ^ "Thonburi Group:Serving the Thai market for more than six decades". http://www.thonburi.com/thonburigroup_en.php. Retrieved 2009-10-15. 
  23. ^ Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş
  24. ^ Automobile Magazine
  25. ^ http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1072.html
  26. ^ Mercedes vehicles at the 2007 Frankfurt show
  27. ^ A hybrid drives Mercedes concept
  28. ^ 2007 IAA Report - S-Class hybrid
  29. ^ Mercedes sees electric-car progress - USATODAY.com
  30. ^ "Mercedes-Benz S 400 BlueHYBRID: CO2 Champion in the Luxury Class with Efficient Hybrid Drive System and Lithium-Ion Technology | Daimler > Brands & Products > News". Daimler. 2008-09-17. http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-633234-1-1129030-1-0-0-0-0-0-9293-7163-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
  31. ^ Abuelsamid, Sam (2008-02-29). "Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid, first production lithium ion hybrid". Autobloggreen.com. http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/02/29/mercedes-benz-s400-bluehybrid-first-production-lithium-ion-hybr/. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
  32. ^ "autounleashed.com". autounleashed.com. http://www.autounleashed.com/mercedes-enters-the-hybrid-game-the-s400-bluehybrid. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
  33. ^ "Mercedes-Benz Concept BlueZERO: Modular Drive Concept for Electric Vehicles | Daimler > Technology & Innovation > News". Daimler. 2008-12-15. http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1160703-1-0-0-0-0-0-9293-7145-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
  34. ^ "Mercedes-Benz BlueZero Concept (2009) with pictures and wallpapers". Netcarshow.com. http://www.netcarshow.com/mercedes-benz/2009-bluezero_concept/. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
  35. ^ Mercedes-Benz presents the innovative Automatic Bike
  36. ^ [1][dead link]
  37. ^ [2][dead link]
  38. ^ Mercedes-Benz Ireland - New cars - AMG
  39. ^ History of AMG
  40. ^ "The Official Formula 1 Website". Formula1.com. 1911-06-24. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/268/. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 
  41. ^ a b Magazine
  42. ^ a b Mercedes-Benz Safety Innovations
  43. ^ Mercedes Introduces PRE-SAFE Brake Safety System Posted on June 22, 2006, The Unofficial Mercedes-Benz Weblog
  44. ^ Mercedes-AMG 6.2-litre V8 Engine : News & Reports : Motoring : Web Wombat
  45. ^ New Mercedes Diesel Engine Breaks World Endurance Record
  46. ^ "Fatigue at the wheel: Mercedes-Benz developing warning system for motorists", The Auto Channel, November 21, 2006.
  47. ^ Huge fine for Mercedes-Benz for poor fuel efficiency by Jeremy Korzeniewski on Jan 8th 2009, AutoblogGreen

External links

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v • d • e
« previous — Mercedes-Benz road car timeline, 1980s–present
Class Model Body 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Mini A Hatch W168 W169
Small B W245
Compact C Saloon W201 W202 W203 W204
Estate S202 S203 S204
Executive E Saloon W123 W124 W210 W211 W212
Limousine V123 V124 V212
Estate S123 S124 S210 S211 S212
Luxury S Saloon W126 W140 W220 W221
Limousine V126 V140 V220 V221
Pullman W100 VF140 VF220 VF221
Landaulet A140
Compact CLC | C Coupé CL203 CL203
Executive CLK | E C123 C124 C208 C209 C207
Cabriolet A124 A208 A209 A207
CLS Coupé W219
Luxury CL | S C107 C126 C140 C215 C216
Sports SLK Roadster R170 R171
SL R107 R129 R230
Exotic SLS Coupé C197
SLR C199
Roadster R199
Speedster Z199
Small Vaneo MPV W414
Executive Viano W638 W639
Luxury R V251
Compact GLK SUV X204
Executive M W163 W164
Luxury GL X164
Utility G W460 W461
W463
Vito LCV Vito Vito
Sprinter T1 W901 - W905 Sprinter
Vario T2 T2 W670
v • d • e
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Trucks
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Holdings in
Master Motors (80%) · Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus (85%) · Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation (50.1%) · McLaren Group (40%)
EADS (22.41%) · Tognum (22.3%) · Tesla Motors (10%) · Tata Motors (7%)

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