The following is written by and according to the U.S. Department of Labor.

A license is required in all States and the District of Columbia, as well as in Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In order to obtain a license, pharmacists generally must earn a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree from a college of pharmacy and pass several examinations.

Education and training. Pharmacists who are trained in the United States must earn a Pharm.D. degree from an accredited college or school of pharmacy. The Pharm.D. degree has replaced the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree, which is no longer being awarded. To be admitted to a Pharm.D. program, an applicant must have completed at least 2 years of specific professional study. This requirement generally includes courses in mathematics and natural sciences, such as chemistry, biology, and physics, as well as courses in the humanities and social sciences. In addition, most applicants have completed 3 or more years at a college or university before moving on to a Pharm.D. program, although this is not specifically required.

Pharm.D. programs generally take 4 years to complete. The courses offered are designed to teach students about all aspects of drug therapy. In addition, students learn how to communicate with patients and other healthcare providers about drug information and patient care. Students also learn professional ethics, concepts of public health, and business management. In addition to receiving classroom instruction, students in Pharm.D. programs spend time working with licensed pharmacists in a variety of practice settings.

Some Pharm.D. graduates obtain further training through 1-year or 2-year residency programs or fellowships. Pharmacy residencies are postgraduate training programs in pharmacy practice and usually require the completion of a research project. The programs are often mandatory for pharmacists who wish to work in a clinical setting. Pharmacy fellowships are highly individualized programs that are designed to prepare participants to work in a specialized area of pharmacy, such clinical practice or research laboratories. Some pharmacists who own their own pharmacy obtain a master's degree in business administration (MBA). Others may obtain a degree in public administration or public health.

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (U.S. Department of Labor) indicated directly below this answer section.

Plumbing has become one of the most popular skilled trades today. There are plenty of works available for plumbing in market. To be a plumber high school diploma course is necessary for any person. Math skill is some of the most important for plumbing course. Because, to know easily calculate measurements and figure out specifications necessary for pipe systems.

alliedallcityinc.com

(Being a Biomedical Student I can Focus on Clinical aspects.)
1. seals blood vessels while cutting any tissue 2. no need to distend with high pressure fluids to stop bleeding - less swelling 3. no need for repetitive diathermy to burn tissues to stop bleeding 4. no need for drainage tubes to drain blood post-operatively (one cause of pain) 1. no need to keep changing instuments through the skin wounds 2. less damage to the portal tissues 3. less likelihood of breaking instruments 4. shorter operating & anaesthetic times as ergonomically more efficient 1. therefore less scuffing to adjacent joint surfaces 2. less damage to surrounding tissues which may be stretched to admit actions of conventional instruments eg. basket forceps 3. better access as fits into very small spaces with gentle curve 1. photo stimulation - some early studies have recognised early ingrowth of healing tissues 1. very easy to manipulate as flexible 2. sensitive to the surgeon - better feel and so may be more delicate 3. works very well in an aqueous medium ie. in a joint with arthroscopy 1. bone sculpting, cartilage contouring now possible 2. therefore training and accreditation of the surgeon most important - in Australia all surgeons who use this should have laser credentialling. 1. once a hospital has a laser the ongoing costs are less than conventional equipment ie. less dispoable "single use" expensive equipment 2. reusable hand pieces (~cost of 1 blade/case) - not adding a lot more expense!

Laser was made by Theodore H. Maiman in 1960, in California.

..or by Gordon Gould in 1957

Most patients are very pleased with the results of their refractive surgery. However, like any other medical procedure, there are risks involved. That's why it is important for you to understand the limitations and possible complications of refractive surgery. Before undergoing a refractive procedure, you should carefully weigh the risks and benefits based on your own personal value system, and try to avoid being influenced by friends that have had the procedure or doctors encouraging you to do so. * Some patients lose vision. Some patients lose lines of vision on the vision chart that cannot be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or surgery as a result of treatment. * Some patients develop debilitating visual symptoms. Some patients develop glare, halos, and/or double vision that can seriously affect nighttime vision. Even with good vision on the vision chart, some patients do not see as well in situations of low contrast, such as at night or in fog, after treatment as compared to before treatment. * You may be under treated or over treated. Only a certain percent of patients achieve 20/20 vision without glasses or contacts. You may require additional treatment, but additional treatment may not be possible. You may still need glasses or contact lenses after surgery. This may be true even if you only required a very weak prescription before surgery. If you used reading glasses before surgery, you may still need reading glasses after surgery. * Some patients may develop severe dry eye syndrome. As a result of surgery, your eye may not be able to produce enough tears to keep the eye moist and comfortable. Dry eye not only causes discomfort, but can reduce visual quality due to intermittent blurring and other visual symptoms. This condition may be permanent. Intensive drop therapy and use of plugs or other procedures may be required. * Results are generally not as good in patients with very large refractive errors of any type. You should discuss your expectations with your doctor and realize that you may still require glasses or contacts after the surgery. * For some farsighted patients, results may diminish with age. If you are farsighted, the level of improved vision you experience after surgery may decrease with age. This can occur if your manifest refraction (a vision exam with lenses before dilating drops) is very different from your cycloplegic refraction (a vision exam with lenses after dilating drops). * Long-term data are not available. LASIK is a relatively new technology. The first laser was approved for LASIK eye surgery in 1998. Therefore, the long-term safety and effectiveness of LASIK surgery is not known. Additional Risks if you are Considering the Following: * MonovisionMonovision is one clinical technique used to deal with the correction of presbyopia, the gradual loss of the ability of the eye to change focus for close-up tasks that progresses with age. The intent of monovision is for the presbyopic patient to use one eye for distance viewing and one eye for near viewing. This practice was first applied to fit contact lens wearers and more recently to LASIK and other refractive surgeries. With contact lenses, a presbyopic patient has one eye fit with a contact lens to correct distance vision, and the other eye fit with a contact lens to correct near vision. In the same way, with LASIK, a presbyopic patient has one eye operated on to correct the distance vision, and the other operated on to correct the near vision. In other words, the goal of the surgery is for one eye to have vision worse than 20/20, the commonly referred to goal for LASIK surgical correction of distance vision. Since one eye is corrected for distance viewing and the other eye is corrected for near viewing, the two eyes no longer work together. This results in poorer quality vision and a decrease in depth perception. These effects of monovision are most noticeable in low lighting conditions and when performing tasks requiring very sharp vision. Therefore, you may need to wear glasses or contact lenses to fully correct both eyes for distance or near when performing visually demanding tasks, such as driving at night, operating dangerous equipment, or performing occupational tasks requiring very sharp close vision (e.g., reading small print for long periods of time). Many patients cannot get used to having one eye blurred at all times. Therefore, if you are considering monovision with LASIK, make sure you go through a trial period with contact lenses to see if you can tolerate monovision, before having the surgery performed on your eyes. Find out if you pass your state's driver's license requirements with monovision. In addition, you should consider how much your presbyopia is expected to increase in the future. Ask your doctor when you should expect the results of your monovision surgery to no longer be enough for you to see near-by objects clearly without the aid of glasses or contacts, or when a second surgery might be required to further correct your near vision. * Bilateral Simultaneous TreatmentYou may choose to have LASIK surgery on both eyes at the same time or to have surgery on one eye at a time. Although the convenience of having surgery on both eyes on the same day is attractive, this practice is riskier than having two separate surgeries. If you decide to have one eye done at a time, you and your doctor will decide how long to wait before having surgery on the other eye. If both eyes are treated at the same time or before one eye has a chance to fully heal, you and your doctor do not have the advantage of being able to see how the first eye responds to surgery before the second eye is treated. Another disadvantage to having surgery on both eyes at the same time is that the vision in both eyes may be blurred after surgery until the initial healing process is over, rather than being able to rely on clear vision in at least one eye at all times. Finding the Right Doctor

If you are considering refractive surgery, make sure you: * Compare. The levels of risk and benefit vary slightly not only from procedure to procedure, but from device to device depending on the manufacturer, and from surgeon to surgeon depending on their level of experience with a particular procedure. * Don't base your decision simply on cost and don't settle for the first eye center, doctor, or procedure you investigate. Remember that the decisions you make about your eyes and refractive surgery will affect you for the rest of your life. * Be wary of eye centers that advertise, "20/20 vision or your money back" or "package deals." There are never any guarantees in medicine. * Read. It is important for you to read the patient handbook provided to your doctor by the manufacturer of the device used to perform the refractive procedure. Your doctor should provide you with this handbook and be willing to discuss his/her outcomes (successes as well as complications) compared to the results of studies outlined in the handbook. Even the best screened patients under the care of most skilled surgeons can experience serious complications. * During surgery. Malfunction of a device or other error, such as cutting a flap of cornea through and through instead of making a hinge during LASIK surgery, may lead to discontinuation of the procedure or irreversible damage to the eye. * After surgery. Some complications, such as migration of the flap, inflammation or infection, may require another procedure and/or intensive treatment with drops. Even with aggressive therapy, such complications may lead to temporary loss of vision or even irreversible blindness. Under the care of an experienced doctor, carefully screened candidates with reasonable expectations and a clear understanding of the risks and alternatives are likely to be happy with the results of their refractive procedure. Advertising

Be cautious about "slick" advertising and/or deals that sound "too good to be true." Remember, they usually are. There is a lot of competition resulting in a great deal of advertising and bidding for your business. Do your homework. If you want to know more about advertising ethics, do's and don'ts, or want to report on false advertising, explore the following websites: * http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-ads.htm * http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-health.htm Source: http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/lasik/risks.htm

Usually, when children are born, their eyes aren't the natural color. Then when babies get 4 or 5 their eyes turn to the natural color.

Examples:

* When I was born, I had blue eyes, and I am a white american. But when I grew up, I ended up with brown eyes. * When my mom was born, she had brown eyes, and she is a white american. But when she grew up, she ended up with green eyes.

My Lasik Experience :U really need to do your homework on choosing your surgeon.I decided on Dr Tripti Mongia after i was recommended by a friend and met her.She did all my check up's personally ,unlike the other center i went to ,where i was being attended to by the person who gives the glass number.After my Lasik treatment,i was quite comfortable,u do have a bit of irritation for about an hour or so.Next day i could read the smallest last line on the chart,and after years of wearing glasses,believe me ,it was the greatest experience of my life.I would definitely recommend anyone considering Lasik Dr Mongia's name.

India LASIK Eye Surgery Guide

New World iCare is the Best centre in India for the LASIK surgery as they offer State of the Art Laser vision correction procedures in Mumbai, India.

Dr Tripti Mongia also had been associated with Rushabh Eye Hospital and Laser Center-Mumbai,India and still is in affiliation.Dr.Jayant P Shah also the acquaintance is one of the best Internationally certified Lasik surgeon in India.hE IS THE DIRECTOR OF RUSHABH EYE HOSPITAL AND LASER CENTER-MUMBAI INDIA .