Biochemistry

Until Van Niels hypothesis, the current theory was that CO2 was split and it was this splitting that produced the O2 in photosynthesis. He found two main things the did not support this theory. He posited that O2 was from H20 breakdown.

1. Van Niel studied photosynthesis in anaerobic bactera and found that they use the carbon in CO2 to produce carbohydrates, but do not release O2. In these bacteria CO2 is not split into carbon and oxygen, so why should aerobic plants be an exception?

2. He studied a photosynthetic bacteria that split H2S (hydrogen sulfide) to make carbohydrates. And proposed that all photosynthetic organisms require a hydrogen source. In plants H20 is the hydrogen source and a source of electrons in PSII, O2 is just the byproduct of the H20 breakdown.

The head of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic, meaning it interacts well with water. This phosphate-containing region has a charged or polar nature, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This hydrophilic head faces outwards towards the water in cellular membranes.

Saturated fatty acids are so named because they are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms—they have no double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chain. This saturated structure allows the fatty acid molecules to pack closely together, usually resulting in a solid form at room temperature.

hormones released dy adrenal gland resposible for the stress in the body.

catecholamines because type of catechouls group ans drieved from amino acid tyrosin.

collective term from epinephren(adrenaline),norepinephren(nonadrenaline),adopamin

Plants are the primary organisms that produce cellulose. Specifically, cellulose is made by plant cells, such as those in the stems, leaves, and roots of plants. Additionally, some bacteria and algae also have the ability to produce cellulose.

Cold temperatures typically slow down enzyme activity by reducing the kinetic energy of the molecules involved, leading to decreased collisions between enzymes and substrates. This can ultimately lower the rate of enzymatic reactions. Extremely cold temperatures can even cause enzymes to denature and lose their functionality.

In gel electrophoresis, "resolve" refers to the ability of the technique to separate and distinguish between molecules of different sizes based on their migration through the gel matrix under an electric field. Higher resolution allows for better separation and visualization of distinct bands representing different DNA fragments or proteins.

The proline side chain forms a closed ring with it's closest carbonyl of the polypeptide backbone. - this is a debated term for referring to proline and hydroxyproline, and is a rather erroneous and antiquated usage.

More accurately, proline is an alpha amino acid that has a secondary amino group, rather than the primary amino group found in the other 19 natural amino acids. A secondary amino group is one in which the nitrogen is single bonded to a hydrogen and two sp3-hybridized carbons, whereas a primary amino group is one in which the nitrogen is single bonded to two hydrogens and one sp3-hybridized carbon.

An imino acid is a compound that has an imino group and a carboxylic acid group. An imino group is when nitrogen is double bonded to a carbon atom and single bonded to either a hydrogen atom or an sp3-hybridized carbon atom.

I'm unable to physically interact with diagrams or images. But generally, a secretory protein is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), packaged into transport vesicles, then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for modification and sorting. Finally, the protein is packaged into secretory vesicles and released through exocytosis.

Elution volume is typically calculated by measuring the distance the sample has traveled from the point of application in a chromatography column and dividing it by the total distance the mobile phase has traveled. This ratio allows you to determine the relative position of your compound of interest within the elution profile.

Sucrose is hydrophilic, meaning it has an affinity for water and can easily dissolve in it. This is because sucrose is a polar molecule, with hydroxyl groups that interact with water molecules through hydrogen bonding.

Yes, Dimethylformamide (DMF) is suitable for UV spectroscopy detection as it has a wide UV absorption range that allows for analysis in this spectral region. However, it is important to consider that DMF itself absorbs UV light, so baseline correction and appropriate blank subtraction are necessary for accurate measurements.

Proline is not aromatic. While the ring does have 2+4n free electrons (from the nitrogen), the fact that the carbon adjacent to the nitrogen has three sigma bonds means that there is not an open pi orbital for electrons to resonate in.

Major elements that are found in cytoplasm are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The type of minerals present in the cytoplasm depends on cell type. Cells making up bones tend to have more minerals such as calcium in it.

Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during cellular respiration in the electron transport chain. This process involves the movement of electrons through a series of protein complexes, which pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that is used to generate ATP through ATP synthase.

There are only 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA. These are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Adenine will only pair with thymine, and guanine will only pair with cytosine.

L-sugars are not found in nature because most organisms synthesize D-sugars, which have a different configuration at the chiral carbon. This is due to the enzymatic processes that occur in living organisms which specifically produce D-sugars. Consequently, L-sugars are not common in nature and are not widely utilized by living organisms.

The amino functional group on the nitrogen atom in the procaine molecule would be protonated first. This is because the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is more readily available for accepting a proton compared to the amino group on the carbon atom.

The difference between emulsoid and suspension in terms of affinity for solvent is that suspensoids have no affinity for the solvent. They are ready to fall out as soon as a charge is dispensed into the medium.

Methionyl glycine can be made by coupling methionine with glycine using standard peptide synthesis methods. This typically involves activating the carboxyl group of methionine and coupling it with the amino group of glycine in the presence of a coupling agent and suitable reaction conditions. Purification and characterization steps are then carried out to isolate the methionyl glycine product.

No it is not soluble in water it is soluble in chloroform, alcohol, methnol

Yes, an ATP molecule contains adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of adenosine (adenine and ribose sugar) and three phosphate groups. When ATP is broken down during cellular processes, the energy stored in its phosphate bonds is released for use by the cell.

snRNA (small nuclear RNA) is involved in RNA splicing, a process in which introns are removed from pre-mRNA molecules, and exons are joined together to produce the final mRNA transcript. snRNAs combine with protein factors to form small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that recognize specific sequences at the splice sites and facilitate the splicing process.