Biochemistry

It is often called the cell membrane because it is made up of phospholipid bilayers. It is also often called the plasma membrane. Each phospholipid joins together at the hydrophilic head, leaving the hydrophobic tail on the inside, and forming a bilayer.

The one that runs out first in a reaction - is thoroughly accurate.

There are quite a few other limiting reagents in limiting reactions - as well.

Red blood cells (RBCs) are primarily destroyed in the spleen. The spleen is responsible for filtering and removing old or damaged RBCs from the bloodstream. Macrophages in the spleen engulf and break down these RBCs, recycling their components for future use.

Centrifuges can spin at various speeds depending on the model and purpose. Speeds typically range from a few thousand to over a hundred thousand revolutions per minute (RPM). High-speed centrifuges can spin at speeds exceeding 100,000 RPM.

The physical expressions of a gene are known as an organism's phenotype. This includes observable traits such as physical appearance, behavior, and other characteristics that result from the interaction between an organism's genetic makeup and its environment.

The anticodon would be UAG, and the amino acid coded for is isoleucine.

The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA is made up of deoxyribose (a sugar) and phosphate.

The level of protein structure that describes the three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide is the tertiary structure. It includes interactions between secondary structural elements (like alpha helices and beta sheets) to give the protein its unique three-dimensional shape.

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Arginine - Glutamic acid - Valine

Simple squamous epithelium is composed of a single layer of flat cells, allowing for rapid diffusion of substances across the membrane. This type of epithelium is thin and permits easy passage of molecules due to its minimal barrier. Therefore, it is commonly found in areas where filtration or diffusion processes are critical, such as in the alveoli of the lungs for gas exchange or in the capillaries for nutrient exchange.

Meat tenderizers contain enzymes such as papain and bromelain that break down proteins in the meat. These enzymes target the muscle fibers and connective tissues, making the meat softer and more tender by breaking down the protein structure.

If an enzyme in a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions is missing or defective then the process will stop at that point.

So respiration could proceed until it reached the reaction which needed the missing or defective enzyme at which point it would stop.

A condensation reaction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another forms a covalent bond between two amino acids. A water molecule is also produced. A new bond formed is called a peptide bond.

Modifying crops can make them more resistant to pests, diseases, and environmental stressors, improving their yield and quality. It can also help reduce the need for chemical pesticides and herbicides, as well as decrease crop losses due to unfavorable or extreme growing conditions. Additionally, modified crops may have enhanced nutritional value or shelf life, providing economic and health benefits to farmers.

T ( thymine ) pairs with A ( adenine ) and C (cytosine ) pairs with G (guanine ).

Yes, elodea cells contain nuclei. Nuclei are membrane-bound organelles that contain the genetic material of the cell, including DNA. In plant cells, the nucleus is typically located in the center of the cell.

In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil. Uracil pairs with adenine in RNA during transcription. This pairing is specific and crucial for the accurate copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA.

The process is called DNA replication. It begins with the unwinding of the DNA double helix by an enzyme called helicase. Each separated strand then serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand by DNA polymerase.

They convert Oxygen and Sugar into energy and waste products (Water and Carbon Dioxide).

Pancreatic fluid is not an enzyme itself, but it contains many enzymes produced by the pancreas, such as amylase, lipase, and proteases. These enzymes are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine to aid in digestion.

Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cells by mRNA which codes the message of the amino acid sequence. Proteins found in diet is not going to directly act on our cells as they undergo digestion, only amino acids or other chemicals our cell gain. DNA in the nucleus controls the protein synthesis by gene expression.

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance within cells that mainly consists of water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, salts, and other molecules. It serves as a medium for various cellular activities and also contains organelles such as the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes.

All cells in your body, including muscle, brain, and blood cells, use ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) as their energy source. This is made in the mitochondria from glucose (a type of sugar) and oxygen. This process is called cellular respiration. You eat food, it goes into your stomach, and then it is dissolved and at a molecular level the glucose plus other helpful minerals in the food (everything unwanted continues through the digestive tract and exits the body) via stomach acid, plus any remaining nutrients are absorbed through the intestines. Anyway, you eat to get glucose, and also inhale for oxygen. The oxygen and glucose are turned into carbon dioxide (which is exhaled) and water (which becomes urine). This chemical process also creates ATP. The ATP is used in your cells, and then if you are not able to get more glucose, the ATP, now actually ABP (Adenosine Biphosphate) (every time it it used in the cells for something it loses a phosphate and is less-powerful), it is used again, creating AP (Adenosine Phosphate). It is very unhealthy to force your body to use the second form of ATP, and this is usually the result of heavy starvation. Then, the body starts digesting itself to make ATP, which is the only time proteins are ever used for energy. (Proteins are digested much later than fat.) Once all the glucose and fat is gone, and the only protein left is vital organs like heart, kidneys, skin, brain, etc., and all the ATP is AP, the AP will be used once more, becoming Adenosine without any phosphates (Adenosine is useless and has no energy whatsoever), and it is critical you intake any kind of glucose, protein, or fat to generate more ATP. If nothing is consumed, then as soon as the AP is out the organism is 100% starved and dies. So, no matter what you eat, as long as it has glucose in it, it provides energy for any body function. However, if you eat doughnuts, cake, packed food, etc. all the time you will have the glucose needed, but also an excess of fats and oils, and you will get fat. So a balanced diet is the best thing to have all the times. However, you should consume based on how much and what you do. For example, if you plan on running 200 miles, you might eat a hundred pounds of food! On the other hand, if you plan to veg you should not eat much at all.

I hope this is an acceptable answer. Please feel free to edit it. :]

because carbon dioxide doesn't absorb the energy from the sun, but it does absorb some of the heat energy released from the earth. When a molecule of carbon dioxide absorbs heat energy, it goes into an excited unstable state. It can become stable again by releasing the energy it absorbed. Some of the released energy will go back to the earth and some will go out into space.

No, bromthymol blue is typically used as a pH indicator, not a stain for cells. To stain cheek cells for microscopy, dyes like methylene blue or eosin are commonly used as they specifically bind to cellular components and enhance contrast for better visualization.