Biochemistry

During each step of protein synthesis, one amino acid monomer is added to the growing polypeptide chain by the ribosome. This process occurs in a cyclical manner as the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand, adding one amino acid at a time.

When the water level is higher inside than outside the flask, the gas pressure in the flask is lower than the atmospheric pressure. This is because the weight of the column of water inside the flask creates an additional pressure on the gas inside, reducing its pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure outside.

Without knowing which amino acids you have, it is relatively difficult to say whether what you have assembled is a useful protein or just garbage, but any string of attached amino acids is defined as a polypeptide or protein.

Copper is the mineral that activates the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, which is involved in the formation of acetylcholine.

Enzyme affinity refers to the strength of binding between an enzyme and its substrate. It determines how readily an enzyme can bind to its substrate and catalyze a reaction. Enzymes with high affinity have a strong binding interaction with their substrates, leading to efficient catalysis.

Urine tests can be used to detect fructose sugar in the urine. Blood tests can also be used to detect hyperbilirubinemia and high levels of liver enzymes in the blood. A liver biopsy may be performed to test for levels of enzymes.

Homozygous is the term used to describe an organism with two allele pairs that are identical, in reference to dominant characteristic traitÊin heredity.

Thermolabile enzymes are enzymes that are sensitive to heat and can be denatured or destroyed at high temperatures. These enzymes have optimal activity at lower temperatures and are typically found in organisms living in moderate environments. Heating can disrupt the structure of thermolabile enzymes, rendering them nonfunctional.

The electron transport chain takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This is where the series of protein complexes and molecules work together to generate ATP through electron transfer and proton pumping.

Coenzymes are small, organic, non-protein molecules, such as vitamins, that carry chemical groups between enzymes. They are sometimes known as cosubstrates. Coenzymes are substrates for enzymes but are not considered part of an enzyme's structure. Cofactors are non-protein chemical compounds that are bound (either tightly, as in prosthetic groups; or loosely, as in coenzymes) to an enzyme and is required for catalysis. A cofactor can be a coenzyme or a prosthetic group.

I believe that if you have the same dad then you are not half bro/sis. I believe that it is the dna of the father that determines biological siblings. I have five children with my husband and three of them have different mothers and I tell them all the time that they are NOT step anything or half anything because they all have the same dad. That's my story and I am sticking to it unless the world of medicine proves me wrong:)

Different laboratories may use different color codes for test tubes depending on their specific protocols. However, a common color coding for test tubes used in centrifuges is as follows: red for serum tubes, lavender for EDTA tubes, green for heparin tubes, and blue for citrate tubes.

It is either used again (many enzymes are used multiple times before broken down) or is broken down.

Enzymes such as amylase, sucrase, and lactase are responsible for metabolizing carbohydrates (CHO's) in the body. Amylase breaks down starch into sugar, sucrase breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose, and lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

High tech enzymes are enzymes that have been genetically engineered or modified using biotechnology to improve their properties or functions. These enzymes are designed to be more efficient, specific, and stable than naturally occurring enzymes, making them valuable for a wide range of industrial applications such as food processing, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels production.

Enzyme deficiencies other than lactase, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, are less common but still occur in the population. These deficiencies can result in various health conditions and require specific management strategies. Overall, the prevalence of these deficiencies varies depending on the specific enzyme and population studied.

Lactase enzymes can be made more effective by optimizing the pH and temperature conditions during their activity, ensuring proper substrate (lactose) concentration, and removing any potential inhibitors that may interfere with enzyme function. Additionally, using genetically engineered or immobilized lactase enzymes can also enhance their effectiveness by increasing stability and activity levels.

Carriers of the gene for hereditary fructose intolerance can be identified through DNA analysis. Anyone who is known to carry the disease or who has the disease in his or her family can benefit from genetic counseling.

Lactase enzymes can be obtained over-the-counter at pharmacies in the form of tablets or drops. They can also be prescribed by a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the recommended dosage instructions for effective use.

Hormones. Male hormones may cause masculinization of a female fetus. A synthetic estrogen (DES) given in the 1940s and 1950s caused an increased risk of cancer in the adult female children of the mothers who received the drug.

The hormonal changes involved in the preparation and release of an ovum include the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, which triggers the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicles, leading to the maturation of an ovum. LH surge triggers ovulation, where the mature ovum is released from the ovary.

Water. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and also picks up two hydrogens at the end of the electron transfer chain to form water. H2O

While oxygen is indeed electronegative, in a fatty acid molecule, the oxygen atom is usually involved in forming polar bonds with carbon and hydrogen atoms. The overall molecule is nonpolar due to the symmetrical distribution of charge and the cancellation of any partial charges due to the presence of the long carbon chain.