Biochemistry

Hereditary fructose intolerance is a rare genetic disorder in which the body lacks the enzyme needed to break down fructose, causing a buildup of toxic byproducts. This can lead to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and low blood sugar levels after ingesting fructose. Treatment involves following a strict fructose-free diet.

The hormone that directly activates the vir gene in Agrobacterium Ti plasmid is acetosyringone. It induces the expression of the vir genes, triggering the transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium to plant cells.

refined sugar - a 2004 study at UC Berkley surveyed 4,760 adults, and found that sweets, deserts, and soft drinks/alcohol comprise almost 25% of all the calories consumed in the US. the top 5 foods, in order of consumption are soft drinks (comprising 7.1% of the total calories alone) , pastries, hamburgers, pizza, and potato chips.

Others have shown that the average American consumes 3-4x the amount of added sugar recommended by the USDA

uracil is not found in DNA it is thymine in DNA, Uracil is only found in RNA

In DNA

guanine goes with cytosine

Adenine goes with Thymine

in RNA G goes with C but the only difference is that Adenine is paired with Uracil

Viruses are composed of two main parts: an outer protein covering called a capsid and an inside core of either DNA or RNA. Not both DNA and RNA. Some of these have an envelope over the capsid. The ones that do not are said to be naked. The proteins in the capsid allow the virus to attach to the "docking stations" proteins of the host cell. The naked viruses are more resistant to changes in the environment.

Yeast is one organism that uses alcoholic fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue producing ATP. In the absence of oxygen, yeast converts pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide, regenerating NAD+ and allowing glycolysis to continue.

Intestinal lactase enzymes can decrease due to aging, genetic factors, certain medical conditions (such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease), and damage to the intestinal lining (such as from infections or surgery). Additionally, prolonged avoidance of lactose-containing foods can also lead to a decrease in lactase enzyme production.

Yes, taking high doses of Vitamin E supplements along with cholesterol-lowering medications like statins can increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you are also taking blood thinners. It's important to consult with your healthcare provider before combining these medications to avoid potential interactions.

Proteins are not a compound, but rather complex molecules made up of long chains of amino acids. A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Proteins are organic macromolecules essential for various biological functions in living organisms.

The type of solution formed by creek water after heavy rain is called a dilute solution. This means that the concentration of solutes in the water is low compared to the solvent.

Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.

Yes, reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that synthesizes complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template. This process is commonly used in molecular biology to convert RNA molecules into stable cDNA copies for further analysis and manipulation.

An allosteric enzyme has multiple binding sites that can be used to modulate its activity through the binding of effectors or ligands, whereas a non-allosteric enzyme typically only has one active site. Allosteric enzymes can exhibit cooperativity, meaning that binding at one site affects binding at another site, while non-allosteric enzymes do not show this behavior.

Some disease-causing viruses have RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material. RNA viruses include the influenza virus, HIV, and the common cold virus.

it should give dark brown color with high concentration of glyogen

Oxidation of G3P occurs by the removal of hydrogen atoms are picked up by NAD+, and NADH+H+ results. Later the NADH will pass on electrons to the electron transport chain. Oxidation of G3P and subsequent substrtes result in four high energy phosphate groups and these are used to synthesize four ATP. So basically substrate-level ATP synthesis is when an enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP and ATP results.

Growth hormone deficiency can lead to growth retardation in children, delayed puberty, decreased muscle mass, increased body fat, low energy levels, and poor bone density. In adults, it can result in reduced muscle mass, increased fat accumulation, decreased bone density, fatigue, and a reduced quality of life. Treatment with growth hormone therapy can help alleviate these symptoms.

Fructose intolerance is an inherited disorder passed on to children through their parents' genes. Both the mother and father have the gene that causes the condition, but may not have symptoms of fructose intolerance themselves.

Proteins C and S are two regulatory proteins in the body that play a role in controlling blood clotting. Protein C helps to inhibit blood clot formation, while protein S enhances the anticoagulant effects of protein C. Deficiencies in these proteins can lead to a heightened risk of abnormal blood clot formation.

The reproductive system in humans produces diploid cells through meiosis in the process of spermatogenesis (in males) and oogenesis (in females). These diploid cells eventually give rise to haploid gametes (sperm and eggs) which are involved in sexual reproduction.

A restriction enzyme opens up the double-stranded DNA molecule at specific recognition sites by cutting the DNA strands at those sites. This creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that can be used in molecular biology techniques like cloning and DNA sequencing.

Yes, typically multiple neurons receive and transmit signals in response to a stimulus. This helps to amplify and process the incoming information before it is transmitted to the brain for further processing and interpretation.

As electrons are passed along the electron transport chain (ETC), they release energy. This energy is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. The flow of protons back across the membrane drives ATP synthase to produce ATP.

Saturated fat is a type of fat that is usually solid at room temperature and is found in meat, dairy products, and egg yolks. Consuming saturated fats in excess can contribute to heart disease and other health issues.