Biochemistry

A homogenous mixture is a combination where the components are evenly distributed throughout, resulting in a uniform composition. An example of a homogenous mixture is a solution of salt dissolved in water.

During the S stage of interphase, DNA undergoes replication, where the DNA molecules are duplicated. This results in each chromosome consisting of two identical sister chromatids attached at a region called the centromere. This ensures that each daughter cell after cell division receives a complete copy of the genetic material.

To access the energy stored in ATP, proteins bind ATP and uncouple the phosphate group. The ADP that is formed is released, and the protein binding site can once again bind ATP.

-Got this from my biology book; page 223; bottom caption

An example of a chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy is photosynthesis. In this process, plants use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The energy from sunlight is required to drive this reaction and is absorbed by chlorophyll in plant cells.

The formation of myelin sheath around the axon is called the myelinogenesis. In the peripheral nerve, the myelinogenesis starts at 4th month of intrauterine life. It is completed only in the second year after birth. Before myelinogeneis, Schwann cells of the neurilemma are very close to axolemma as in the case of unmyelinated nerve fiber. The membrane of the schwann cell is double layered. The schwann cells wrap up and rotate around the axis cylinder in many concentric layers. The concentric layers fuse to produce the myelin sheath but the cytoplasm of the cells is not deposited. Outermost membrane of Schwann cell remains as neurilemma. Nucleus of these cells remains in between myelin sheath and neurilemma. In the central nervous system, the schwann cells are absent and the myelin sheath is formed by the neuroglial cells called the oligodendroglia.

Biologists study chemistry because it is the basis of a living things. For example aerobic respiration (us breathing) is breathing in Oxygen (O2) and breathing out Carbon Dioxide (CO2) these are elements in the Periodic Table which is a part of chemistry.

The chemical link between the inorganic and organic worlds is carbon. Carbon is unique in its ability to form a wide variety of stable compounds with other elements, which is essential for the molecules found in living organisms. The presence of carbon allows for the formation of complex organic compounds necessary for life.

When plants are exposed to chitin, it tends to elicit a defensive response from the plant. In this way, chitin and chitosan (the deacetylated form of chitin) are often used as biopesticides in agriculture, as opposed to toxic chemicals. This interesting plant response is most likely an evolutionary adaptation by plants to insects, since chitin forms the exoskeletons of insects (which feed on such plants).

The endoplasmic reticulum are a network of tubes inside a cell that transport and synthesize useful chemicals to different parts of the cell. It is NOT where the nucleus is stored.

A molecule made of many repeating parts is known as a polymer.

Cytosine is the pyrimidine that bonds to the purine Guanine in both DNA and Rna.

Protein is the food chemical primarily responsible for growth and repair in the body. It is essential for building and repairing tissues, including muscles, skin, and organs. Consuming an adequate amount of protein in the diet is important for overall health and optimal growth.

The difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

During oxidative phosphorylation, NADH and FADH oxidizes at the hydrogen carriers to provide electrons to the electron transport chain (etc) (chain of electron carriers) and H+ ions. As electrons pass through the etc, ATP is synthesized.

If energy is ever needed along the process, ATP is used. But i doubt it as the electron do not require external chemical energy to move along the carriers.

Forest Fires can kill animals that live in the forest and can kill many people. Fires spread quickly if not quickly treated and it can spread, killing many people and burn down people's houses. The Victoria bushfire killed many people and left many homeless.

Most formally, the name is disulfur trioxide.

1. Insulin: a polypeptide hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.
2. Hemoglobin: a polypeptide protein responsible for transporting oxygen in red blood cells.
3. Enzymes: many enzymes are polypeptides that catalyze chemical reactions in the body.

Buffer action refers to the ability of a solution to resist large changes in pH when an acid or base is added. This is achieved by the presence of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, which can neutralize the added acid or base through a reversible reaction. Buffers are important in maintaining stable pH levels in biological systems and chemical processes.

Enzymes exhibit different types of specificity, including substrate specificity (acting on a specific substrate), stereospecificity (acting on a specific stereoisomer), and regiospecificity (acting at a specific region of a substrate). For example, trypsin exhibits substrate specificity by cleaving peptide bonds after lysine or arginine residues, while lactase exhibits substrate specificity by hydrolyzing lactose.

Isomers in carbohydrates are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. For example, glucose and fructose are isomers of each other. They have the same number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but their structures differ, resulting in different chemical and biological properties.

Starch is hydrophilic, meaning it has an affinity for water and can readily dissolve in it. This property is due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl groups in the starch molecule, which allow it to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds. Peptide bonds are formed through a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond and the release of a water molecule.

The little green T-shaped structures seen during mitosis are called microtubules. They are part of the cell's cytoskeleton and play a crucial role in separating the duplicated chromosomes into two daughter cells during cell division.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, detoxification of drugs and toxins, and storage of calcium ions in cells. It lacks ribosomes on its surface, which distinguishes it from rough endoplasmic reticulum and allows it to carry out these specialized functions.

A spectrophotometer is an instrument commonly used to measure absorption spectra of samples. Microscopes do not typically have the capability to measure absorption spectra like a spectrophotometer can.