Microprocessors

* Direct * Register Indirect * Based Mode * Indexed Mode * Scaled Indexed Mode * Based Indexed mode * Based scaled indexed mode * Based Indexed mode with displacement * Based scaled indexed mode with displacement

A DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller is a device that can request control of the memory bus from the CPU, and then transfer data to or from memory without the support of the CPU. It is often used in high speed I/O, such as hard drives, because polled and interrupt modes incur too much overhead.

The work of an alu is that it supplies the information and resutls fo computation to the outside world. Thus it links the computer with the external enviornment. As computers work with binary code, the results produced are also in the binary form. Hence, before supplying the results to the outside world it must be converted to human acceptable form. This task is accomplished by units called output interfaces.

The CPU cache exists because modern processors are very very fast. If they had to read from main memory every time they performed a read operation, computers would be limited by RAM speeds. By using a very fast cache, the CPU is able to perform a single read to fill in a cache line, then execute its instructions on that entire cache line very efficiently.

There is a cache in between the CPU and main memory for the same reason there is main memory in between the CPU and the hard drive; the CPU is far faster than any storage device on your computer. Without these tiers of increasingly fast (and expensive) memory, we would be limited by HDD read/write speed.

hoe

Write a program to convert a 2-digit BCD number into hexadecimal

Non Maskable interrupts (such as those generated by power failure) cannot be blocked by the CPU.

Maskable interrupts are common device interrupts such as disk/network adapters interrupts which can be blocked by the CPU.

The 8085 has a 16 bit address bus. As such, it can access 216, or 65,536 bytes. System design, of course, will place limits on that, as you need to share this space with code, data, and stack.

If you have a compatible motherboard then this will work. But I highly doubt it will be compatible.

the problem with replacing the core 2 duo with the newer i5 is the size and pin difference, the core 2 duo is simply smaller than the i5, you would have to buy a new mother board, which in most cases it would be cheaper to just buy a new laptop with the i5 or i7 in it.

handle multimedia functions like sound and video

Well, aside from the Bulldozer architecture by AMD (Even this is just a redesign of existing technology), nothing phenomenal has changed in the basic design of microprocessors. Their efficiency, speed, and transistor counts have improved at an extreme level in the past five years, but the core designs of processors have remained about the same.

The most extreme change would be manufacturing processes. AMD has improved from the 45 nanometer process to the 32 nanometer process, and Intel is working at an astounding 22 nanometer, and is already researching 16/ 14nm processes. To put this into perspective, working at the 14nm process size will have individual 'wires' being insulated by walls 5 ATOMS THICK! I consider the manufacturing process an extreme change, even if actual design has remained the same.

The biggest changes are coming from nano computing and searching for a successor to CMOS-- Look for emerging computer technologies in the next couple years!

Zero Insertion Force socket, the ZIF socket was designed by Intel and includes a small lever to insert and remove the computer processor.

CPUs are not normally soldered to motherboards. They plug into a socket that's soldered to the board.

The "arithmetic logic unit" performs these operations in classical standard microprocessor architectures

Th clock speed is the processor speed. It is simply the amout of operations the processor can do per second. However if the processor has multiple cores, it will be as fast as number of cores * clock speed. Note that the processor speed is not the overall computer speed.

That means that your computer has two 2.80GHz cores. It's basically an Intel Duo Core 2.80GHz.

There are many CPU manufacturers, both designer and second-source (manufacturer another company's design). Some example are:

Intel

AMD

VIA

Sun Microsystems

Freescale

IBM

Zilog

Toshiba

NVIDIA

29 64bit words.

tristates

You can either purchase a quieter fan and install that, or not use applications that require a lot of the CPU.

clean it! if the fan is not working efficiently it will not cool the CPU.

clean it - take the side panel off and remove any debris, dust etc

clean it - run scan disk, run defrag, run a program to clean up the registry

remove any programs you are not using or save them to CD.

run defrag again.

your PC will run more efficiently and the fan will not have to work so hard.

john

They are made by Toshiba

Yes, very much.

The length that light/electricity travel at a clock frequency of 1GHz is around a foot - 34cm. So, at 2GHz, no wires must be longer than around 16 cm, to be in the same clock cycle - not the next. Well, to be on the safe side, halve of that.

The Intel instruction set is made so that it requires 1, 3 or 5 clock cycles. Now the memory is usually more than 8cm away from the CPU, so this runs much slower, say 250ns access time or 1/10 of the clock frequency of the CPU.

So, the the cache is held on the microprocessor chip, allowing this to run on "full speed" - 10 times faster. If the cache is on a chip on the side - "Level 2 cache" it may run at half the speed of the CPU.

All instructions that makes changes to the memory will execute "Write through cache" so that the main memory is updated. If the next instruction will also modify memory, the previous write must complete - using 1, 3 or 5 cycles - or up to 50 instructions delays.

The simplest is to modify the code to minimise memory write-back, or allow this to proceed in parallel - "interleaved".

The amount of data that is written may also be reduced to allow better usage of the bus. 64 bit instruction will inevitably take longer time to execute and store the result in memory than a 32 bit instruction.

Microprocessor has 16 address lines and microcontroller has 20 address lines

A CPU's performance usually is determined by its clock speed (separated into two values: a multiplier, and a base clock), number of cores, and what most average people don't take into account, is instructions per clock cycle.

A base clock is the base unit of speed that the clock runs at. Typically it's at 100MHz. This value is multiplied by the multiplier to get the total clock speed (A CPU running at a clock speed of 3.4GHz will have a multiplier of 34 [34*100 = 3400MHz = 3.4GHz])

You have to make sure that your video card and monitor (both!) are able to handle higher resolutions. After you might have to find appropriate drivers for the video card and even monitor. After you installed everything change resolution by right clicking on the desktop and click on the tab Settings. Locate the the panel Screen Resolution. And set appropriate resolution up.