Neuroscience

The neuronal pathway of hearing begins in the cochlea of the inner ear, where sound waves are converted into electrical signals by hair cells. These signals are then transmitted via the auditory nerve to the brainstem and eventually to the auditory cortex in the brain where they are processed and interpreted as sound.

An action potential is a rapid and all-or-nothing electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron, while a graded potential is a small and variable electrical signal that occurs in response to a stimulus. Action potentials are typically generated in neurons, while graded potentials can occur in various types of cells.

A neurotransmitter that allows sodium ions to leak into a postsynaptic neuron causes excitatory postsynaptic potentials. The neurotransmitter that is not synthesized in advance and packaged into synaptic vesicles is nitric oxide.

the neuron is composed of 4 parts the cell body which contains the nucleus the axon which carry the information and the terminal button which distribute the neurons the dendrites which are the branches that come out.... the dendrites receive the signal.

Endorphins were discovered in the late 1970s by two American scientists, Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally, along with their colleague, John Hughes. They identified these natural painkillers while researching the brain's ability to regulate pain. Their work led to a better understanding of the body's natural pain relief system.

In the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, nerve regeneration is unlikely to occur due to limited regenerative capacity and the presence of inhibitory factors that hinder nerve growth. Conversely, in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), nerve regeneration is more possible, as peripheral nerves have a greater ability to regenerate under certain conditions.

While the two brain hemispheres can function relatively independently, a unified mind emerges from their collaboration and communication. Both hemispheres work together to process information and control various functions, contributing to our overall cognitive abilities and consciousness.

The presence of theta waves in an adult brain is typically associated with drowsiness, relaxation, or light sleep. It can also occur during deep meditation or creative thinking. They are not typically seen in a fully awake state.

The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system typically involves two neurons: a preganglionic neuron that originates in the central nervous system and a postganglionic neuron that extends to the target tissue or organ.

Yes, but you're better off either going to a Neurosurgeon or a Pain Specialist, and of those 2 a Pain Specialist is the preferred option depending on the type of pain.

If you've not been diagnosed yet, then see the Neurosurgeon first - he'll do an MRI or CT and give you a better diagnosis than a Neurologist will as they deal with most back problems on a regular basis. It doesn't make any difference if you don't want or need surgery - the point is to get the best diagnosis in the beginning. Stay away from Orthopedists - bone doctors don't know anything when it comes to spinal nerve issues.

TSD -RAVEN- - Category Supervisor

Yes.

....Up to a point. There is a threshold the stimulus must surpass before creating a CAP (compound action potential). Anything below this threshold is called subthreshold. Once the stimulus is strong enough cause a CAP it is a stimulus threshold. At this point the CAP will continue to increase as the intensity of the stimulus increases (now termed suprathreshold) until a maximal stimulus causes a maximum response.

Any stimulus stronger than the maximal stimulus is called a supramaximal and does not result in any larger a CAP than the maximum response caused by the maximal stimulus.

source:

http://www.unmc.edu/physiology/Mann/mann12.html

The function of myelination in the nervous system is to allow neural impulses to travel longer distances in axons quickly; the process is as follows: helper cells (glia) wrap either themselves (in the case of Schwann cells), or parts of themselves (in the case of oligodendrocytes), all along the length of a myelinated axon, with gaps between each wrapping, kind of like shis-kabobs; the wrapping insulates the axon, preventing ion leakage, such that the membrane potential at one gap (called a node of Ranvier) can directly affect the voltage-gated sodium ion pores at the next gap, thus moving the neural impulse more quickly than if the action potential were happening in all of the intervening spaces beneath the myelin sheaths. The action potential is re-triggered at each node, thus maintaining the strength of the impulse from start to finish along the whole length of the axon, while the electrotonic conduction under the myelin sheath provides the speed necessary for effective nervous system processing over longer distances.

Each neuron in the CNS receives input from other neurons through synapses, which are specialized junctions where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another. These synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory, meaning they either increase or decrease the likelihood of the receiving neuron firing an action potential.

Myasthenia gravis
Myesthenia gravis. Signs and symptoms include drooping of the upper eyelids difficulty in swallowing and talking and generalized muscle weakness and fatigability.
Myastaenia gravis

It is possible to experience temporary memory loss or confusion after a head injury, but amnesia as commonly portrayed in media is rare. Severe head trauma, such as a concussion or traumatic brain injury, can result in memory problems and cognitive impairments. It is important to seek medical attention if you have hit your head and are experiencing memory loss or confusion.

When the brain is deprived of oxygen, it cannot function properly, leading to an imbalance in the electrical activity of the brain. This can trigger abnormal neuronal firing, resulting in seizures. Seizures are a sign of brain dysfunction and can occur as a response to the stress caused by lack of oxygen.

The resting membrane potential difference between the inside and the outside of the cell is the result of selective permeability of the cell membrane and the active transport of ions into and out of the cell. Almost all cells have a potential difference, but some cells, neuron and heart muscle, also have voltage and chemically gated channels that allow for transient deviations from the resting potential.

Outside factors such as stress, diet, sleep, and environmental toxins can affect the nervous system by altering neurotransmitter levels, disrupting neural circuits, and causing inflammation. Chronic exposure to these factors can lead to conditions like anxiety, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases. Adopting healthy lifestyle habits can help support the nervous system and maintain its function.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the synapse, the small gap between neurons. They play a critical role in transmitting signals between neurons, influencing various processes such as mood, memory, and muscle movement. The release and reception of neurotransmitters are tightly regulated to ensure proper communication within the nervous system.

The smaller, receiving, head end of a neuron is called the dendrite. This transmogrifies first into the nucleus containing cell body and then into the multi-branched transmission arms of the axon. Axons from the spine to the foot are up to a meter in length.

Muscle Fatique occurs when low o2 conditions deplete Atp and cp stores acaerobic respiration creates lactic acid. drops in ph and o2 debt lead to failure of the muscle to maintaain contractions

This small deviation is called a graded potential. It can be either a depolarization, where the membrane becomes less polarized, or a hyperpolarization, where the membrane becomes more polarized. Graded potentials are important for transmitting signals over short distances in the nervous system.

I heard this, and I'm still trying to research and understand this, so don't take my word into too much consideration. It makes a ton of sense to me though, even without rock-solid facts.

So here's the easiest way to explain. So everybody that has done it tells you it feels "amazing" or "the best feeling ever", well this can simply make other things less appealing. Looking at my old friends who use it heavily, that's definitely true. Like just think about it, it's common sense. If you had to eat your least favorite food for a month straight, then after the month you were given the option to choose between your favorite food or your least favorite, why go back to your least favorite food when you could have something better?

Now in deeper terms to what it does (in theory), it releases an abnormally large amount of endorphins into your brain and if done on a regular basis, your mind will get used to the large endorphin levels making the normal amounts of endorphins released from normal activities (working out, accomplishing something, etc) less appealing, so basically it can make you feel unmotivated and lazy, and eventually with further use, sad and depressed if you aren't stoned. This could be reversed by quitting smoking, but then again it could be permanent.

So this can be pretty harmful to somebody's life, I know with my lifestyle I need every little bit of motivation I have. But overall if you can control yourself, and use weed in moderation, there might not be any long term effects.

An agonist drug binds to and activates a receptor in the body, producing a response similar to that of the endogenous ligand. This leads to an increase in the activity of the receptor, resulting in a physiological response.

Neurons are not found in atoms as they are much larger structures made up of molecules and cells. Neurons are specialized cells found in the nervous system and are essential for transmitting information throughout the body.