Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in cells called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are specialized plant cell organelles that capture light energy and uses that in conjuction with water to create the ATP and NADPH.

it refers to the complementary metabolic pathways utilized in plants to optimize CO2 fixation. The "C" stands for Calvin Cycle, which is the light-independent reactions, while the "4" indicates the four-carbon compound produced during the initial step of CO2 fixation. This adaptation allows plants to minimize photorespiration and improve efficiency in certain environments like hot and dry conditions.

Glucose which they eat. Oxygen is produced as a by-product of this process.

No, air, soil, water, and minerals do not provide energy for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis requires sunlight as the primary source of energy, which is absorbed by chlorophyll in plants to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The other elements mentioned play supporting roles in the overall process.

During photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in plant cells and converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose through a series of biochemical reactions. This process involves the splitting of water molecules to release oxygen as a byproduct, and the production of ATP and NADPH that are used to drive the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide.

Leaves that are not green make food by a process called stichothimia which takes in the energy and circulates it around the leaf

The thylakoid membrane contains 2 photosytems, known as Photosystem I and Photosystem II. Together, they function to absorb light and transfer energy to electrons.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the atmospheric gas that most directly influences the rate of photosynthesis under optimum light intensity, as it is needed as a substrate for the Calvin cycle, one of the key reactions in photosynthesis. Increasing the concentration of CO2 can usually lead to an increase in the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point.

During the light-dependent reactions, photon energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane, exciting electrons which then travel through the electron transport chain. This creates a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane, leading to the generation of ATP through chemiosmosis. Simultaneously, water is split to provide electrons and protons, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especiallysugars, using the energy from sunlight.[1]Photosynthesis occurs inplants, algae, and many species ofBacteria, but not in Archaea. Photosynthetic organisms are calledphotoautotrophs, since it allows them to create their own food. In plants, algae andcyanobacteria photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water, releasingoxygen as a waste product. Photosynthesis is vital for life on Earth. As well as maintaining the normal level of oxygen in theatmosphere, nearly all life either depends on it directly as a source of energy, or indirectly as the ultimate source of the energy in their food[2](the exceptions are chemoautotrophsthat live in rocks or around deep seahydrothermal vents). The amount of energy trapped by photosynthesis is immense, approximately 100terawatts:[3]which is about six times larger than the power consumption of human civilization.[4]As well as energy, photosynthesis is also the source of the carbon in all the organic compounds within organisms' bodies. In all, photosynthetic organisms convert around 100,000,000,000 tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.[5]

Plants get the water they require for photosynthesis by absorbing from the soil through their root systems. It is then transported up the stem and to the leaves where is is used to synthesise sugars through photosynthesis.

Yes, the Calvin cycle requires RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) as it is the starting molecule for carbon fixation. RuBP reacts with CO2 to form an unstable intermediate that eventually leads to the synthesis of sugars such as glucose.

Oxygen-18 is a natural, stable isotope of oxygen. It is found in the atmosphere and can be found in ice cores to track the temperature over thousands of years as it causes the temperature of the Earth to rise with the higher ratio of 18O compared to 16O. Oxygen 18 was used to give an in sight into photosynthesis as it allows the amount of oxygen taken up during photosynthesis to be measured and showed where the oxygen came from and where it ended up. Scientists firstly added oxygen- 18 to the carbon dioxide and no oxygen- 18 was released, however, when they added oxygen- 18 to the water oxygen- 18 was recorded leaving the plant which shows the oxygen originates from the water. Scientists also discovered that some of the oxygen produced during photosynthesis didn't leave the plant but the majority left the plant through the stomata which is what allowed respiring animals such as Humans to evolve.

Carbon- 14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon, naturally found in the stratosphere and troposphere and is used is radiocarbon dating to date an archaeological, geological and hydrogeological samples. It was used to know what the first products of photosynthesis are and to track the carbon during photosynthesis as it is easy to track in the plant because it is different to the other carbon involved. The experiment began by briefly exposing a green plant to 14CO2 along with light. Straight after this exposure the plant is immersed in boiling water which ceases all biochemical reactions. All the chemical compounds were then extracted and studied to see if they contained carbon- 14. With the brief exposure to carbon- 14 the only compound that contained it was phosphoglyceric acid, a 3 carbon molecule. Scientists have the green plant longer exposure to the isotope and discovered that a variety of compounds contained it, including glucose. With varying lengths of exposure scientists were able to track the sequence from phosphoglyceric acid to glucose. The insight into photosynthesis this gave us was that it showed where the carbon went during photosynthesis and what products were made at the end of this reaction. This investigation was first done by Melvin Calvin and his colleagues.

In photosynthesis, redox reactions play a crucial role in transferring electrons from water to carbon dioxide, converting them into oxygen and glucose. This electron transfer is essential for the production of energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are used in the synthesis of carbohydrates in plants.

No, ATP molecules are not directly made during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle). ATP is produced during the light-dependent reactions (Light reactions) of photosynthesis when light energy is used to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP. The ATP produced in the light reactions is then utilized as an energy source during the Calvin cycle to drive the conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose.

To make sugar in photosynthesis, three things are needed: carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. In the presence of chlorophyll in plant cells, these ingredients are used in the process of photosynthesis to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen as byproducts.

The oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes directly from water. In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, water molecules are split to release oxygen as a byproduct. This process is known as photolysis.

The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2. This equation represents the process in which carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen with the help of sunlight.

# photosynthesis 2. Water is the source of hydrogenduring the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere and the hydrogen is transferred to a carrier molecule called NADP, to produce NADPH. The NADPH is then used in the light independent reaction to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate. See my answer to this question on WikiAnswers: What connects the light dependent reaction to the light independent reaction?

Photoperiodism is a response that certain plants have to decreases or increases in the amount they receive in a day (which is normally produced by seasonal movement of the sun - longer and shorter days).

Some plants require short days to initiate flower formation, while others long day length initiates flowering.

This process can be artificially created in greenhouses using curtains and artificial light to "trick" certain plants like chrysanthemums and poinsettia to flower outside of their natural flowering period.

Photoperiodism is controlled at a cellular level by photoreceptor proteins in the cells of the plants.

Phototropism is a the mechanism whereby plants grow towards the light (like a houseplant growing towards the window), or in the case of certain flowers like sunflower the way in which the "flower" tracks the path of the sun

it takes place in animals all the time. When we breathe in we take on oxygen which combines with gluscose in aerobic respiration to produce energy.

oxygen+glucose---- carbon dioxide+ water+ energy

The chemical energy produced during photosynthesis is in the form of glucose. This molecule stores the energy captured from sunlight by plants, which can be used for various cellular processes.

Photosynthesis is the process through which plants use the sun's energy to make their own food. The reactants are carbon dioxide and water. The plants get the carbon dioxide through the stomata which are the tiny pores on the underside of the leaf. They get the water through the roots. The products of photosynthesis are oxygen and glucose. The oxygen is released through the stomata or used in respiration. The glucose is the food the plant needs. It is converted into starch which is stored in the leaf. Photosynthesis also releases energy. Sunlight is needed for photosynthesis to take place so it only happens in the day time and happens more in summer than in winter. Chlorophyll, the green pigment found in leaves, is also needed. Photosynthesis takes place in the palisade cells in the leaf.

Word equation for photosynthesis:

___________________in the presence of sunlight + chlorophyll

Carbon dioxide + water ------------------------------------------> glucose + oxygen + energy

Balanced chemical equation:

6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Ingenhousz found that plants produce oxygen bubbles only in the presence of light. This process, known as photosynthesis, takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells and requires light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose.

This process of Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae and many types of bacteria. It is vital for all life on earth as it maintains a normal level of Oxygen in the atmosphere and not only does all forms of life depends on it for breathing but it is the ultimate source of energy in their food. Photosynthesis and Respiration are parallel to each other and are both essential to the other process. One requires oxygen while inhaling and releases carbon dioxide while exhaling, and the other does the opposite but though a more complex process. This ability to perform photosynthesis is unique because not all biological organisms such as animals and fungi are able to directly use light energy to power biological processes like active transport, cell division and muscle movement. It is the basis to all food chains making it the most essential part.