Photosynthesis

The oxygen of photosynthesis is exothermic, because it is a secondary product. The primary products are the radicals hydrogen and hydroxyl. It is called photolysis. A water molecule is held by two chlorophylls, fixed on a chloroplast, while sun's rays do input energy that will break the bond. The photosynthesis is not a simple reaction; I would say that it is both, an endothermic input and an exothermic output.

PHOTOLYSIS

H2O => [H] + [OH]

[H] radical hydrogen

[OH] radical hydroxyl

The molecule of oxygen come from four hydroxyls. It is then exothermic.

4[OH] => 2H2O + O2

Discussion.

Water molecules come from the roots up to the leaves. It is the xylem.

In the chamber of a leave, the escape way is through the stomates. Also in that chamber there are the chloroplasts. On the other side of the chloroplasts, there is the phloem, in which do circulate the elaborate sap. In that sap, as in the water of the xylem, the CO2 must be present in its liquid form. The elaborated sap circulates from leave to leave, down to the roots.

On either side of the chloroplast, there are metals. On the xylem side, the pigments called chlorophylls will input energy to water molecules. On the phloem side, an another metal is there; how it is arranged is not known. They will attract different molecules from the elaborated sap. When the water molecule is dissociated, the radical hydrogen goes through the chloroplast on the other side. That will permit the addition of these molecules present there, which are attracted by the assemblage of the metal. So from leave to leave, the molecules are bigger. While the radical hydrogen engaged the phloem, the radical hydroxyl will remain in the chamber, on the xylem side. There the hydroxyl radicals will form new molecules of water and oxygen. And these are exothermic. That is, then there is a change of phase. The atoms, the constituents of molecules, which were in a liquid state are now in a gaseous state. If so there is a change of volume. That creates a pressure that will make rotate the stomates, and at their full rotation there is an aperture, very small. That pressure is build up from the chamber in the leave down to the caspary cells in the roots, where in the wood it is the hardest. And when the stomates start to rotate back, that aperture will close fast; so there is a vacuum in all the xylem down to the caspary strip, it may even spread in the surrounding soils, through the water.

The water of the roots and the new water molecules and the new oxygen molecules will form an association. That association, during winter, is the snowflake. It is expulsed with a great strength towards the sky, and it is at the highest altitude that we will see them as light clouds (cirrus ?). From there they will lose heat, get darker, get lower, and always distributing heat (I say that because there are the clouds from evaporation, which always requier heat from the environment). While heat is given at high altitude, near the ground the temperature are lowered during hot summer, and make milder during cold winter. There is a lot of root water that are expulsed. During summer it takes heat but when it is very cold it gives heat to the environment.

The nowadays model seems to consider that the oxygen is endothermic. There is a confusion. It origins with the father of the expression: electron-chain-transport, M. Park S. Nobel. 1974. He admits that they have to choose between two models in order to get the monomer. The monomer is the constituent of the sugars. He described but one of the models. That model has ipso facto become the MODEL. For thirty years they followed that trail.

To get the monomer, CH2O, you need four protons, which you get from two or four water molecules.

The nowadays model do utilize two water molecules. With that model there is no radical hydroxyl formation. It is a redox reaction, and that implies electriciy; and with a true redox reaction, the oxidation and the reduction happen at once, not successively. And you have two mechanisms in order to split the original water molecule. I say original because once the water molecule is split one time, the second time it is no more a water molecule to be split. How is it that they understand that the oxygen is formed directly, nevertheless Oxygen is considered endothermic.

By the year 1969, it was already found that the products are radicals. Park S. Nobel, 1974, would specify that the word electron in the expression, electron-chain-transport, stand for the couple electron-proton, and that is what we called a radical. So in his book there is two words electron.

So the oxygen of photosynthesis is exothermic. That explains the turgescence, the opening of the stomates, the vacuum which is formed once the stomates are not at max rotation, the ozone, the electricity of thunder, the wind. It obliges, many a science, to change skin. It is a new factor for climatology, meteorology, Biology. It becomes our best tool against desertification. Not a best, a tool simply!

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A reaction have to be exothermic or endothermic. An exothermic reaction do give stable products, while an endothermic reaction, it is instable. That is, from the moment you remove the energy input, the products will be back their original states. Photosynthesis is both: an endothermic input and an exothermic output.

In the discussion, up so far, one monomer is explained. The constituent of sugar is the monomer, CH2O. O2 is endothermic according to the model. To get the four protons, you have to proceed from 2 water molecules, with two mechanisms of splitting, and a redox mechanism. Beyond the 'Monomer', nothing is explained.

2H20 + CO2=> (try to find a model of common assent)

To get an exothermic output, you have to proceed from 4 water molecules, one mechanism of splitting, and an understanding of metals and their number of coordination.

So water molecule is split.

H2O => [H] + [OH]

4H2O => 4[H] + 4[OH]

4[H] + CO2 => CH2O + H2O

4[OH] => 2H2O + O2

Radicals are formed and have a short life. They are endothermic. They do not have an electrical charge. These reactions happened at the surface of the chloroplast, where two chlorophylls will maintain fix a water molecule.

The radical H, [H], free of the chlorophylls will pass through the chloroplast, from xylem to phloem, where is the elaborate sap. On the other side of the chloroplast, where there are metals attracting either stuff from the elaborate sap, the CO2, and the radical H.

The radical OH, hydroxyl, [OH], do not transfer of side. It remains with the water of the roots, forming oxygen and water molecules. And the only way out is through the stomates. When the stomates have completely rotated there is an aperture from where water can escape towards the clouds, at fast speed. How that? In the chamber, it is as some of the liquid is becoming gas; the new water and oxygen molecules are exothermic molecules... hot?!!. There is a change of volume, but as the space is restrained, the pressure is increased, the pressure that will open the stomates. New molecules, water and oxygen with the water from the roots will be expulsed through the stomates to the highest altitude, where they become the light clouds. From the highest position, the new clouds begin to get lower, and darker and thicker, giving heat all the way down..

And there is a big, big bonus to the mechanism of the stomates. That while they rotated, it permits, the rotating, to increase the pressure, the turgescence, is easy to see. But that that the stomates when they closed, they are creating a vacuum! From now, your explanations are as good as mine. Nowhere it is mention of that vacuum. I know it is true because as a forest worker I saw an unexplained comportment. There was a pond, a parcel of wood, and a fresh road. The water started in the road after the thinning of the parcel.

That water is split, forming two radicals, is proven by the 1969. M. Nobel do specify that in the expression electron-chain-transport, the word electron stand for the couple proton-electron, which we called radical these days. So the ''electron chain transport'', the thirty-years-king-model, is a never-existed name.

So with four radicals [H], from four water molecules to produce a monomer, the basic building block of sugar, you produce four radicals hydroxyl [OH]. These radicals will combine together.

4 [OH] => 2 H2O + O2

• Four hydroxyls will produce two water molecules and one molecule of oxygen.

And maybe here is the origin of the ozone!

... 3O2 = 2O3

An tentative explanation for the origin of ozone, O3. From three oxygen {O2} molecules produced at photosynthesis, two ozone {O3} molecules can be produced.

To resume. A water molecule is split endothermically because it is maintained in a fixed position by chlorophylls fixed on a chloroplast. Some products will form the clouds, while others will engage the phloem. The products are radicals. So they have no electrical charge and have a short life. All of the output of photosynthesis are exothermic. Photosynthesis is as a coin, it is either endothermic and exothermic.

If you want to know more about my photosynthesis model, the formation of continents, or others go to the site I linked.

Well there are two possibilities...

Calvin cycle: Photosynthesis would be considered coupled with the Calvin cycle because the products of photosynthesis are used as reactants in the Calvin cycle. After the ETC of photosystem I, the NADP+ is reduced to NADPH, while the last member of the ETC is oxidized. This NADPH is used to donate the electron in the Calvin cycle. ATP is also a product of photosynthesis, more specifically the ETC between the two photosystems.

Cellular Respiration: Water is need by photosynthesizing organisms to donate electrons to the reaction center in the antenna complex of photosystem II. This electron is eventually added to NADP+ (as previously stated) and then deposited into the Calvin cycle where RuBP is fixed with carbon and is made into G3P. Our electron is still attached to one G3P, this G3P is going to be made into glucose (or sucrose, fructose, etc.). This glucose is used in cellular respiration where our electron may be stripped off during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, or the Krebs's cycle. Either way it is transported to the mitochondrial ETC where it is "passed down" to oxygen. Oxygen is then reduced by our electron into water. This water can then be eventually used again in the beginning of photosynthesis completing a beautiful biological cycle.