Science

Part detective, part philosopher, part poet, part iconoclast, Errol Morris is one of the most important and influential non-fiction filmmakers of his generation. Like such documentary masters as [http://www.answers.com/topic/jean-rouch Jean Rouch] and [http://www.answers.com/topic/wiseman-frederick Frederick Wiseman], Morris delves into vexing philosophical issues of death, identity, and society. But, unlike many other non-fiction filmmakers, Morris challenges the very presumptions of the "documentary" by incorporating multiple points of view and giving his works a stylistic polish usually reserved for mainstream fiction films. His movies have largely achieved great critical success, and he has received a Guggenheim fellowship and a MacArthur Foundation "genius" grant.

Born in 1948 in Hewlett, Long Island, to a Juilliard graduate and a doctor, Morris was well on his way to getting a Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley until his obsession with movies overwhelmed him. He landed a job programming shows at the Pacific Film Archive, where he watched three or four films a day. Intrigued by a headline in the San Francisco Chronicle that read "450 Dead Pets Going to Napa Valley," Morris scraped together money from his family and his fellow graduate students to make [http://www.answers.com/topic/gates-of-heaven-1 Gates of Heaven] (1978), a brilliantly nuanced portrait of a bankrupt pet cemetery, edged with humor, pathos, and irony. Not merely a work about dead dogs, the film is a meditation on the human experience that never condescends and never fails to entertain. The film met with great critical acclaim and a strong cult following; Roger Ebert exuberantly declared it one of the ten best films ever made. The film also prompted German director [http://www.answers.com/topic/werner-herzog Werner Herzog] to eat his shoe after losing a bet with Morris that the film would never get made.

He followed the success of his debut with the wonderfully bizarre [http://www.answers.com/topic/vernon-florida-film-1 Vernon, Florida] (1980). Originally titled Nub City, the film was to have been an exposé of residents of a sleepy swamp town who dismember themselves for insurance money. A number of death threats soon convinced Morris to rethink the film, and he instead recorded several of the town's more eccentric citizens: one believes that her collection of radioactive sand is growing, while another extols the virtues of turkey hunting. As with [http://www.answers.com/topic/gates-of-heaven-1 Gates of Heaven] and his later works, Morris focused on people lost in their own eccentric worlds and managed to convey their sense of wonder about their obsessions, be they turkey hunting or astrophysics.

In the years immediately following [http://www.answers.com/topic/vernon-florida-film-1 Vernon, Florida], Morris' funding dried up. Through family connections, he briefly got a job as a private detective, working primarily for the Wall Street set. This experience would later prove invaluable for his masterpiece, [http://www.answers.com/topic/the-thin-blue-line-documentary The Thin Blue Line] (1988). Dubbed by critics "a murder mystery that actually solved a murder," the film was directly responsible for saving the life and gaining the release of Randall Adams, a man wrongly sentenced to death for killing a police officer. (Adams' gratitude did not last long after his release, however, as he soon sued Morris for a share of the film's profits.) The film was also a landmark of documentary cinema. Instead of envisioning a non-fiction film as an objective, authentic document of reality, [http://www.answers.com/topic/the-thin-blue-line-documentary The Thin Blue Line] self-consciously questioned the limits of documentary film in both style and content. The movie featured lush cinematography, slick re-enactments, and a score by noted experimental composer [http://www.answers.com/topic/philip-glass Philip Glass], all of which heightened its artificial quality. Blue Line never directly asserts that one testimony is more correct than another. Instead, the film's lack of narration and multiple points of view raise the specter, like [http://www.answers.com/topic/akira-kurosawa Akira Kurosawa]'s [http://www.answers.com/topic/rashomon Rashomon](1950), of the impossibility of objective truth. The film garnered international acclaim and was also relatively commercially successful for a documentary, a genre that rarely achieves box-office success. Though the film failed to get an Oscar nomination (an extremely controversial snub), it was voted best documentary of the year by the New York Film Critics Circle and received a Golden Horse, the Chinese equivalent of an Oscar, for best foreign picture. It has since been widely recognized as one of the finest and most influential movies of the '80s.

Fresh off this success, Morris stumbled with his first foray into fiction film. [http://www.answers.com/topic/the-dark-wind-1 The Dark Wind] (1991), starring [http://www.answers.com/topic/lou-diamond-phillips Lou Diamond Phillips], was stymied by studio politics and eventually shelved, only to be released on video two years later. In 1992, Morris regrouped to adapt Stephen Hawking's best-selling book on cosmology, [http://www.answers.com/topic/a-brief-history-of-time-film-1 A Brief History of Time]. The result was pure Morris. The film is less interested in Hawking's groundbreaking theories on the origin of the universe than in his connection and disconnection to the outside world; his interior world is dominated by theories about black holes and entropy while his body slowly atrophies from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease). The film received nearly universal critical acclaim and was awarded the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival, even if it was -- again -- ignored by the Academy.

For his next feature, Morris further experimented with the documentary form in the unusual Fast, Cheap, and Out of Control (1997). The film links seemingly unrelated stories of a quartet of obsessed individuals: a lion trainer, a topiary gardener who carves animal shapes out of hedges, an MIT scientist who designs robots, and an expert on blind mole rats. Just as [http://www.answers.com/topic/the-thin-blue-line-documentary The Thin Blue Line] let the audience draw its own conclusions as to who really killed the policeman, [http://www.answers.com/topic/out-of-control-film Out of Control]'s editing and structure, which deftly juxtapose one interview with another, allow the viewer to make connections among the four narratives. As in [http://www.answers.com/topic/gates-of-heaven-1 Gates of Heaven], the film's seemingly mundane stories soon devolve into a compelling and profound exploration of human evolution and humans' need to control their environment.

In 1999, Morris released his most provocative work since [http://www.answers.com/topic/the-thin-blue-line-documentary The Thin Blue Line], Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter. Originally titled The Accidental Nazi, the film focuses on Leuchter, an electric chair designer and Holocaust revisionist. Instead of making a straightforward depiction of bigotry and hatred, Morris provides a much more harrowing exploration of the sources of evil. Though he is no ideologue, Leuchter is so enamored of his own expertise that he asserts the Holocaust never happened based on the evidence of his own flawed research. Leuchter is both a concrete example of Hannah Arendt's truism on the banality of evil and the dark side of Morris' obsessed characters. Though Mr. Death was the talk of both the 1999 Sundance and Toronto Film Festivals and opened to widespread critical acclaim, it went mostly ignored by year-end awards groups, including the forever Morris-averse Academy Awards documentary committee.

Shifting his focus to television in 2000, Morris created the weekly, hourlong documentary series [http://www.answers.com/topic/first-person-1960-tv-series-1 First Person]. Though smaller in scope than his theatrical-release films, the show allowed the director to explore subjects both minor and monumental, from a pilot who miraculously landed a troubled passenger plane to a philosophizing bodybuilder. By allowing his subjects to tell their stories directly to the camera without the intrusion of other points of view, Morris perfected an even more intimate process of documentary filmmaking.

Such a process proved to be a perfect fit for the subject of his next film, 2003's The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons From the Life of Robert S. McNamara. Focusing exclusively on the life and times of the controversial former Secretary of Defense under President Kennedy, Morris subjected his at first reluctant subject to over 20 hours of interviews. Combining this material with artfully compiled images from McNamara's life, the director culled a portrait of a brilliant statistician who became one of the most influential men in Washington -- a man whom many blame, at least partially, for the Unites States' involvement in Vietnam. After a strong Cannes premiere, [http://www.answers.com/topic/the-fog-of-war-1 The Fog of War] collected numerous year-end prizes from critics' groups, and even a Best Documentary Oscar for its heretofore snubbed director -- who took no small pride in chiding the Academy for taking so long to award him.

In the earlier of Earth's years; the Hadean from memory; there was no water and hence no hydro- anything. This was the first 700 million years or so. (Between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago.)

But some very old banded iron deposits come from this early, indicating that these were precipitated by changing chemical conditions.

Another few hundred million years later, the blue-green algae appeared, and having invented photosynthesis with its attendant release of oxygen, created the large banded iron deposits. And some soft-bodied fossils, such as the Ediacaran.